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Session K4: Secure Enclaves
CCS’17, October 30-November 3, 2017, Dallas, TX, USA
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Session K4: Secure Enclaves
CCS’17, October 30-November 3, 2017, Dallas, TX, USA
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Session K4: Secure Enclaves
CCS’17, October 30-November 3, 2017, Dallas, TX, USA
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[(computing\))-254(can)-254(p)-7(otentially)-254(op)-7(en)-253(many)-254(av)8(enues)-254(for)-254(inside)-254(informa-)]TJ 1.016 0 0 1 53.798 610.68 Tm [(tion)-246(to)-245(trickle)-246(out)-246(during)-246(the)-245(interactions)-246(with)-246(the)-245(outside)10(,)-246(when)]TJ 1.018 0 0 1 53.798 599.721 Tm [(the)-246(e)7(xternal)-245(help)-246(is)-246(ne)-7(e)-6(de)-7(d)-246(to)-246(accomplish)-245(the)-246(missions.)-245(Fo)-7(cusing)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 588.762 Tm [(on)-237(memor)-16(y)-237(alone)10(,)-237(w)8(e)-238(can)-237(se)-7(e)-237(not)-238(only)-237(a)-238(pr)9(ogram's)-238(virtual)-237(memor)-15(y)]TJ 1.001 0 0 1 53.798 577.803 Tm [(management)-249(but)-248(that)-249(its)-249(physical)-249(memor)-15(y)-248(contr)8(ol)-249(ar)8(e)-249(partially)-248(or)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 566.844 Tm [(fully)-297(e)7(xp)-7(ose)-7(d)-297(to)-297(the)-297(untruste)-7(d)-297(OS,)-297(not)-297(to)-297(mention)-297(other)-297(system)]TJ 0 -10.959 TD 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53.798 490.132 Tm [(heav)-15(y)-15(w)8(eight)-251(and)-251(intrusiv)8(e)10(,)-251(can)-252(e)7(v)8(en)-251(raise)-251(the)-251(bar)-251(to)-251(side-channel)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 479.173 Tm [(attacks,)-247(and)-246(whether)-247(an)-247(adv)8(ersar)-14(y)-247(can)-247(switch)-246(to)-247(a)-247(di\035er)8(ent)-247(te)-6(ch-)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 468.214 Tm [(nique)-239(or)-239(channel,)-240(mor)9(e)-240(lightw)9(eight)-240(and)-239(e)-7(qually)-239(e\035e)-7(ctiv)8(e)10(,)-239(to)-239(e)7(xtract)]TJ 1 0 0 1 53.798 457.255 Tm [(the)-250(information)-250(these)-250(appr)8(oaches)-250(w)8(er)8(e)-250(designe)-7(d)-250(to)-250(pr)8(ote)-7(ct.)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 0 -13.947 TD [(Understanding)-234(memor)-15(y)-233(side)-234(channels)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 0.98 0 0 1 207.639 443.308 Tm [(.)-238(A)12(s)-238(a)-239(\033rst)-238(step)-238(to)7(war)8(d)-238(a)]TJ -156.981 -10.959 Td [(compr)8(ehensiv)8(e)-209(understanding)-208(of)-209(side-channel)-209(thr)8(eats)-209(softwar)8(e)-209(v)9(en-)]TJ 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355.636 Tm [(that)-251(it)-250(is)-251(imp)-7(ortant)-250(to)-251(make)-250(the)-251(follo)7(wing)-251(thr)8(e)-7(e)-250(ke)6(y)-250(p)-7(oints:)-251(First,)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf T* [(page)-253(faults)-252(ar)8(e)-253(not)-252(the)-253(only)-253(v)8(e)-7(ctor)-252(that)-253(leaks)-252(an)-253(enclav)8(e)-253(pr)8(ogram's)]TJ 1.017 0 0 1 53.798 333.719 Tm [(memor)-15(y)-247(access)-246(patterns)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf [(.)-247(Any)-247(follo)7(w-up)-247(attempt)-246(to)-247(mitigate)-247(mem-)]TJ 1.019 0 0 1 53.798 322.76 Tm [(or)-15(y)-244(side-channel)-244(leaks)-244(should)-244(take)-244(into)-244(account)-244(the)-244(entir)8(e)-244(attack)]TJ 0.989 0 0 1 53.798 311.801 Tm [(surfaces.)-252(Se)-7(cond,)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 64.454 0 Td [(not)-252(e)7(v)8(er)-15(y)-252(side-channel)-252(attack)-252(on)-253(enclav)8(e)-252(induces)-252(a)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 300.842 Tm [(large)-250(numb)-10(er)-250(of)-251(A)13(synchr)8(onous)-250(Enclav)8(e)-250(eXits)-250(\()24(AEX)15(s\))-250(as)-250(demonstrate)-7(d)]TJ T* [(in)-217(the)-217(page-fault)-217(attacks)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf [(.)-217(This)-217(is)-217(imp)-7(ortant)-217(b)-10(e)-7(cause)-217(the)-217(anomalously)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 278.924 Tm [(high)-266(AEX)-265(interrupt)-266(rate)-266(has)-266(b)-9(e)-7(en)-266(consider)8(e)-7(d)-266(to)-265(b)-10(e)-266(a)-266(ke)7(y)-266(featur)8(e)]TJ 0.999 0 0 1 53.798 267.965 Tm [(of)-251(SGX)-250(side-channel)-251(attacks,)-250(which)-251(can)-251(b)-10(e)-250(defeate)-7(d)-251(by)-251(the)-250(pr)8(ote)-7(c-)]TJ 0.995 0 0 1 53.798 257.006 Tm [(tion)-252(designe)-7(d)-252(to)-252(captur)8(e)-252(this)-252(signal)-252([)]TJ 1 0 0 1 187.065 257.006 Tm (15)Tj 0.995 0 0 1 195.404 257.006 Tm (,)Tj 1 0 0 1 199.615 257.006 Tm (38)Tj 0.995 0 0 1 207.953 257.006 Tm [(].)-252(Our)-252(\033nding,)-252(ho)7(w)8(e)7(v)8(er)60(,)]TJ 1.017 0 0 1 53.798 246.047 Tm [(sho)7(ws)-247(that)-246(such)-247(inter)1(rupt-base)-7(d)-247(pr)8(ote)-7(ction)-246(is)-247(fragile)10(,)-246(as)-247(mor)8(e)-246(so-)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 235.088 Tm [(phisticate)-7(d)-232(attacks)-233(can)-232(av)8(oid)-232(pr)8(o)-7(ducing)-232(to)-7(o)-233(many)-232(interrupts.)-232(Thir)8(d,)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 0 -10.958 TD [(it)-233(is)-234(p)-7(ossible)-233(to)-234(acquir)9(e)-234(a)-233(\033ne-graine)-7(d)-234(side-channel)-233(obser)-15(vation,)-234(at)-233(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 TD [(cache-line)-242(le)7(v)8(el,)-242(into)-243(the)-242(enclav)8(e)-242(memor)-15(y)60(.)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 148.747 0 Td [(Hence)10(,)-242(defense)-242(that)-243(places)]TJ 0.992 0 0 1 53.798 202.212 Tm [(sensitiv)8(e)-252(co)-7(de)-251(and)-252(data)-251(on)-252(the)-251(same)-252(page)-251([)]TJ 1 0 0 1 208.729 202.212 Tm (39)Tj 0.992 0 0 1 217.068 202.212 Tm [(])-252(will)-251(not)-252(b)-10(e)-251(e\035e)-7(ctiv)8(e)]TJ 1 0 0 1 53.798 191.253 Tm [(on)-250(the)-250(ne)7(w)-250(attacks.)]TJ 0.989 0 0 1 63.761 180.294 Tm [(In)-252(this)-253(pap)-7(er)60(,)-252(w)8(e)-253(hop)-7(e)-252(to)-252(get)-253(acr)9(oss)-253(these)-252(messages)-252(thr)8(ough)-253(the)]TJ 1 0 0 1 53.798 169.335 Tm [(follo)7(wing)-250(r)8(esear)8(ch)-250(e\035orts:)]TJ /T1_3 8.966 Tf 0 -13.948 TD (\017)Tj /T1_2 8.966 Tf 0.98 0 0 1 59.813 155.387 Tm [(Exploration)-177(of)-178(memor)-15(y)-178(side-channel)-177(attack)-177(surfaces)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf [(.)-178(In)-177(our)-178(r)9(esear)8(ch,)]TJ 1.004 0 0 1 53.467 144.428 Tm [(w)8(e)-248(sur)-15(v)8(e)7(y)8(e)-7(d)-248(SGX)-248(side-channel)-248(attack)-248(surfaces)-248(inv)8(olving)-248(memor)-15(y)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 133.469 Tm [(management,)-313(identifying)-312(8)-313(typ)-7(es)-312(of)-313(side-channel)-312(attack)-313(v)8(e)-7(ctors)]TJ 1.018 0 0 1 53.798 122.511 Tm [(r)8(elate)-7(d)-247(to)-246(addr)7(ess)-246(translation)-247(caches)-247(in)-246(CP)-49(U)-246(har)8(dwar)7(e)-246(\()16(e)10(.g.,)-246(TLB,)]TJ 0.995 0 0 1 53.798 111.552 Tm [(paging-structur)8(e)-252(caches\),)-252(page)-253(tables)-252(lo)-7(cate)-7(d)-252(in)-252(the)-252(main)-253(memor)-15(y)60(,)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 100.593 Tm [(and)-255(the)-255(entir)8(e)-255(cache)-255(and)-255(DRAM)-255(hierar)8(chy)58(.)-255(This)-255(study)-255(takes)-255(into)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 89.634 Tm [(account)-223(each)-222(step)-223(in)-222(the)-223(addr)8(ess)-222(translation)-223(and)-222(memor)-16(y)-222(op)-7(eration,)]TJ 269.548 608.717 Td [(and)-230(thus)-231(to)-230(our)-230(kno)7(wle)-7(dge)-231(pr)9(esents)-231(the)-230(most)-230(compr)8(ehensiv)8(e)-230(analy-)]TJ 1 0 0 1 317.955 687.392 Tm [(sis)-249(on)-249(memor)-15(y)-248(side-channel)-249(attack)-249(surfaces)-249(against)-248(SGX)-249(enclav)8(es.)]TJ /T1_3 8.966 Tf 0 -13.947 TD (\017)Tj /T1_2 8.966 Tf 1.019 0 0 1 324.641 673.445 Tm [(Re)-7(ducing)-244(side)-244(e\035e)-7(cts)-244(of)-244(memor)-14(y)-244(side-channel)-244(attacks)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf [(.)-244(T)62(o)-244(demon-)]TJ 1.016 0 0 1 317.955 662.486 Tm [(strate)-247(that)-247(a)-247(large)-247(numb)-10(er)-247(of)-247(AEX)15(s)-248(ar)8(e)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 143.038 0 Td (not)Tj /T1_0 8.966 Tf 14.119 0 Td [(a)-247(ne)-7(cessar)-15(y)-247(condition)]TJ 0.987 0 0 1 317.955 651.527 Tm [(of)-253(memor)-15(y)-253(side-channel)-252(attacks,)-253(w)8(e)-253(de)7(v)8(elop)-252(a)-253(ne)7(w)-253(memor)-15(y-base)-7(d)]TJ 0.995 0 0 1 317.955 640.568 Tm [(attack,)-253(calle)-7(d)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 50.07 0 Td [(sneaky)-253(page)-252(monitoring)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 87.902 0 Td [(\(SPM\).)-253(SPM)-252(attacks)-253(w)8(ork)-252(by)]TJ 1.006 0 0 1 317.955 629.609 Tm [(setting)-248(and)-247(r)8(esetting)-248(a)-247(page)24('s)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 108.777 0 Td [(accesse)-7(d)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 32.038 0 Td [(\036ag)-248(in)-247(the)-248(page)-247(table)-248(e)1(ntr)-15(y)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.686 618.65 Tm [(\(PTE\))-267(to)-266(monitor)-267(when)-267(the)-267(page)-266(is)-267(visite)-7(d.)-267(Unlike)-266(the)-267(page-fault)]TJ 1.015 0 0 1 317.955 607.691 Tm [(attacks)-246([)]TJ 1 0 0 1 349.61 607.691 Tm (43)Tj 1.015 0 0 1 357.948 607.691 Tm [(],)-246(in)-246(which)-247(a)-246(page)-246(fault)-246(is)-246(generate)-7(d)-246(each)-246(time)-247(when)-246(a)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 596.732 Tm [(page)-227(is)-227(accesse)-7(d,)-227(manipulation)-227(of)-227(the)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 136.688 0 Td [(accesse)-7(d)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 31.867 0 Td [(\036ags)-227(do)-7(es)-227(not)-227(trigger)]TJ 1.008 0 0 1 317.955 585.773 Tm [(any)-247(interrupt)-247(dir)8(e)-7(ctly)59(.)-247(Ho)7(w)8(e)7(v)8(er)58(,)-247(the)-246(attack)-247(still)-247(ne)-7(e)-7(ds)-247(to)-247(\036ush)-246(the)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 1.013 0 0 1 317.955 574.814 Tm [(translation)-248(lo)-7(okaside)-248(bu\035er)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 99.695 0 Td [(\(TLB\))-248(fr)8(om)-248(time)-248(to)-248(time)-248(by)-248(triggering)]TJ 0.99 0 0 1 317.955 563.856 Tm [(interrupts)-253(to)-254(for)8(ce)-253(the)-253(CP)-50(U)-253(to)-254(lo)-7(ok)-253(up)-253(page)-254(tables)-253(and)-253(set)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 213.371 0 Td [(accesse)-7(d)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 552.897 Tm [(\036ags)-306(in)-305(the)-306(PTEs.)-306(Ne)7(v)7(ertheless,)-305(w)7(e)-305(found)-306(that)-306(ther)8(e)-306(ar)8(e)-305(se)6(v)8(eral)]TJ -0.325 -10.959 Td [(ways)-271(to)-270(r)8(e)-7(duce)-271(the)-271(numb)-9(er)-271(of)-271(the)-270(interrupts)-271(or)-271(e)7(v)8(en)-271(completely)]TJ 0.987 0 0 1 317.955 530.979 Tm [(eliminate)-252(them)-252(in)-252(such)-252(attacks.)-253(Particularly)60(,)-252(w)8(e)-252(can)-252(av)8(oid)-252(tracking)]TJ 0.991 0 0 1 317.955 520.02 Tm [(the)-252(access)-252(patterns)-251(b)-10(etw)8(e)-7(en)-252(the)-252(entr)-15(y)-252(and)-252(e)8(xit)-252(pages)-252(of)-252(a)-252(pr)9(ogram)]TJ 0 -10.959 TD [(fragment)-252(\()17(e)11(.g.,)-252(a)-252(function\))-251(and)-252(instead,)-252(use)-251(the)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 171.679 0 Td [(e)7(xe)-7(cution)-252(time)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 54.059 0 Td (mea-)Tj 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 498.102 Tm [(sur)8(e)-7(d)-253(b)-10(etw)8(e)-7(en)-253(these)-253(pages)-253(to)-252(infer)-253(the)-253(e)7(xe)-7(cution)-253(paths)-253(in-b)-10(etw)8(e)-7(en.)]TJ 1.017 0 0 1 317.686 487.143 Tm [(This)-246(appr)7(oach)-246(can)-246(still)-247(w)8(ork)-246(if)-247(all)-246(se)-7(cr)8(et-dep)-7(endent)-246(branches)-247(ar)8(e)]TJ 1.019 0 0 1 317.955 476.184 Tm [(lo)-7(cate)-7(d)-244(in)-245(the)-244(same)-245(page)-245(\(i.e)10(.,)-244(a)-245(me)-7(chanism)-244(pr)8(op)-7(ose)-7(d)-245(by)-244([)]TJ 1 0 0 1 531.904 476.184 Tm (39)Tj 1.019 0 0 1 540.243 476.184 Tm [(]\),)-245(as)]TJ 1 0 0 1 317.955 465.225 Tm [(long)-250(as)-250(ther)8(e)-250(is)-250(still)-250(a)-250(timing)-250(di\035er)8(ence)-249(b)-10(etw)8(e)-7(en)-250(the)-250(e)7(xe)-7(cutions)-250(of)]TJ 0.981 0 0 1 317.955 454.266 Tm [(these)-256(branches.)-256(Further)60(,)-256(w)8(e)-256(pr)8(esent)-256(a)-256(te)-7(chnique)-256(that)-256(utilizes)-256(Intel's)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 443.308 Tm [(Hyp)-7(er)38(Thr)8(eading)-316(capability)-316(to)-317(\036ush)-316(the)-316(TLBs)-317(th)1(r)7(ough)-316(an)-316(attack)]TJ 1.012 0 0 1 317.955 432.349 Tm [(pr)8(o)-7(cess)-246(sharing)-246(the)-247(same)-246(CP)-48(U)-246(cor)8(e)-247(with)-246(the)-246(enclav)8(e)-246(co)-7(de)10(,)-246(which)]TJ 1 0 0 1 317.955 421.39 Tm [(can)-250(eliminate)-250(the)-250(ne)-7(e)-7(d)-250(of)-250(interrupts,)-250(when)-250(Hyp)-7(er)39(Thr)8(eading)-250(is)-250(on.)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 327.918 410.431 Tm [(W)78(e)-297(demonstrate)-297(the)-297(e\035e)-7(ctiv)8(eness)-297(of)-297(SPM)-297(thr)8(ough)-297(attacks)-297(on)]TJ 0.985 0 0 1 317.955 399.472 Tm [(r)8(eal-w)8(orld)-255(applications.)-254(Particularly)60(,)-255(w)8(e)-255(sho)7(w)-255(that)-254(when)-255(attacking)]TJ 1.009 0 0 1 317.955 388.513 Tm [(EdDSA)-247(\(Se)-7(ction)-248(4.3\),)-247(our)-248(timing)-247(enhancement)-247(only)-248(triggers)-247(1,300)]TJ 1.016 0 0 1 317.955 377.554 Tm [(interrupts,)-245(compar)8(e)-7(d)-246(with)-245(71,000)-245(cause)-7(d)-246(by)-245(the)-245(page-fault)-246(attack)]TJ 0.989 0 0 1 317.955 366.595 Tm [(and)-254(33,000)-253(by)-254(the)-253(dir)8(e)-7(ct)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 89.358 0 Td [(accesse)-7(d)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 32.102 0 Td [(\036ags)-254(attack,)-253(when)-254(r)8(e)-7(co)7(v)9(ering)-254(the)]TJ 0.986 0 0 1 317.623 355.636 Tm [(whole)-254(512-bit)-255(s)1(e)-8(cr)9(et)-255(ke)7(y)60(.)-254(This)-254(le)7(v)8(el)-254(of)-254(the)-255(interrupt)-254(rate)-254(makes)-254(our)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 344.677 Tm [(attack)-188(almost)-188(invisible)-188(to)-188(all)-188(kno)7(wn)-188(interrupt-base)-7(d)-188(defense)-188([)]TJ 1 0 0 1 533.864 344.677 Tm (15)Tj 0.98 0 0 1 542.203 344.677 Tm (,)Tj 1 0 0 1 545.788 344.677 Tm (38)Tj 0.98 0 0 1 554.127 344.677 Tm (],)Tj 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 333.719 Tm [(giv)8(en)-273(the)-273(fact)-273(that)-272(e)6(v)8(en)-273(normal)-272(e)7(xe)-7(cution)-273(of)-273(the)-273(target)-273(pr)8(ogram)]TJ 1 0 0 1 317.955 322.76 Tm [(generates)-250(thousands)-250(of)-250(interrupts.)]TJ /T1_3 8.966 Tf 0 -13.948 TD (\017)Tj /T1_2 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 324.957 308.812 Tm [(Impr)8(o)7(ving)-279(attack's)-278(spatial)-278(granularity)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf [(.)-279(Page-fault)-278(attacks)-278(allo)7(w)]TJ 0.986 0 0 1 317.955 297.853 Tm [(attackers)-253(to)-252(obser)-16(v)9(e)-253(the)-253(enclav)8(e)-252(pr)8(ogram's)-253(memor)-15(y)-253(access)-253(pattern)]TJ 0.991 0 0 1 317.955 286.894 Tm [(at)-252(the)-252(page)-252(granularity)-251(\(4KB\),)-252(ther)8(efor)8(e)-252(e)7(xisting)-252(solutions)-251(pr)8(op)-7(ose)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 275.935 Tm [(to)-305(defeat)-306(the)-305(attacks)-305(by)-305(aligning)-306(sensitiv)8(e)-305(co)-7(de)-305(and)-305(data)-306(within)]TJ 0 -10.959 TD [(the)-350(same)-350(memor)-15(y)-350(pages.)-351(T)62(o)-350(sho)7(w)-350(that)-350(this)-351(defense)-350(strategy)-350(is)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 254.017 Tm [(ine\035e)-7(ctiv)8(e)10(,)-193(w)8(e)-193(demonstrate)-193(a)-193(series)-193(of)-193(memor)-15(y)-193(side-channel)-193(attacks)]TJ 0 -10.958 TD [(that)-181(achie)7(v)8(e)-180(\033ner)-181(spatial)-181(granularity)60(,)-181(which)-181(includes)-180(a)-181(cr)8(oss-enclav)8(e)]TJ /T1_4 8.966 Tf 1.003 0 0 1 317.955 232.1 Tm (Prime+Probe)Tj /T1_0 8.966 Tf 52.936 0 Td [(attack,)-248(a)-248(cr)8(oss-enclav)8(e)-248(DRAMA)-248(attack,)-247(and)-248(a)-248(no)7(v)8(el)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 221.141 Tm [(cache-DRAM)-196(attack.)-197(Particularly)60(,)-196(the)-197(cache-DRAM)-196(attack)-196(le)7(v)8(erages)]TJ 1 0 0 1 317.955 210.182 Tm [(b)-10(oth)]TJ /T1_4 8.966 Tf 18.937 0 Td (Prime+Probe)Tj /T1_0 8.966 Tf 52.965 0 Td [(cache)-251(attacks)-251(and)-251(DRAMA)-251(attacks)-251(to)-251(impr)8(o)7(v)8(e)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 199.223 Tm [(the)-246(spatial)-245(granularity)60(.)-246(When)-245(e)7(xploiting)-246(b)-10(oth)-245(channels,)-246(w)8(e)-246(ar)9(e)-246(able)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 188.264 Tm [(to)-348(achie)7(v)8(e)-348(a)-348(\033ne-graine)-7(d)-348(obser)-15(vation)-347(\(64B)-348(as)-348(app)-7(ose)-7(d)-348(to)-348(16KB)]TJ 1.003 0 0 1 317.955 177.305 Tm (for)Tj /T1_4 8.966 Tf 12.865 0 Td (Prime+Probe)Tj /T1_0 8.966 Tf 52.944 0 Td (and)Tj /T1_3 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 400.003 177.305 Tm (\025)Tj /T1_0 8.966 Tf 1.003 0 0 1 405.975 177.305 Tm [(1KB)-249(for)-249(the)-248(DRAMA)-249(attack)-249(alone\),)-249(which)]TJ 1.015 0 0 1 317.955 166.346 Tm [(enables)-247(us)-248(to)-247(monitor)-248(the)-247(e)7(xe)-7(cution)-247(\036o)7(ws)-248(of)-247(an)-248(enclav)8(e)-247(pr)8(ogram)]TJ 1.007 0 0 1 317.686 155.387 Tm [(\()12(similar)-249(to)]TJ /T1_4 8.966 Tf 39.627 0 Td [(Flush+Relo)10(ad)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 58.131 0 Td [(attacks\).)-249(Note)-249(that)-250(this)-249(cannot)-249(b)-10(e)-249(done)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 144.428 Tm [(at)-330(the)-329(cache)-330(le)7(v)8(el)-329(since)-330(in)-330(our)-329(case)-330(the)-329(attacker)-330(do)-7(es)-329(not)-330(shar)8(e)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 133.469 Tm [(co)-7(de)-215(with)-214(the)-215(target)-214(enclav)8(e)-215(pr)8(ogram,)-214(which)-215(makes)]TJ /T1_4 8.966 Tf 189.255 0 Td [(Flush+Relo)10(ad)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 317.955 122.511 Tm [(imp)-7(ossible)10(.)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 0 -13.948 TD (Implications)Tj /T1_0 8.966 Tf 1.008 0 0 1 369.386 108.563 Tm [(.)-249(Our)-249(\033ndings)-249(p)-7(oint)-248(to)-249(the)-249(disturbing)-249(lack)-249(of)-249(under-)]TJ 0.992 0 0 1 317.955 97.604 Tm [(standing)-252(ab)-10(out)-252(p)-7(otential)-252(attack)-253(surfaces)-252(in)-252(SGX,)-252(which)-252(can)-252(hav)8(e)-252(a)]TJ 0.981 0 0 1 317.955 86.645 Tm [(serious)-253(conse)-7(quence)10(.)-254(Not)-253(only)-253(ar)8(e)-253(all)-254(e)8(xisting)-254(defense)-253(me)-7(chanisms)]TJ 1 0 0 1 303.915 72.727 Tm (2)Tj ET /QITE_maskingtape BMC 1 g 293.8 38.45 26.35 42.95 re f EMC /Artifact <>BDC q 1 0 0 1 54 755.4614258 cm 0 g /GS0 gs /Fm0 Do Q EMC /Artifact <>BDC q 1 0 0 1 355.0029907 755.4614258 cm 0 g /GS0 gs /Fm1 Do Q EMC /Artifact <>BDC q 1 0 0 1 297.9160156 38.5740509 cm 0 g /GS0 gs /Fm2 Do Q EMC endstream endobj 3 0 obj <>stream /
Session K4: Secure Enclaves
CCS’17, October 30-November 3, 2017, Dallas, TX, USA
endstream endobj 4 0 obj <>>>/Resources 140 0 R/Subtype/Form>>stream 0 g 0 G 0 i 0 J []0 d 0 j 1 w 10 M 0 Tc 0 Tw 100 Tz 0 TL 0 Tr 0 Ts BT /LinuxBiolinum 9 Tf 0 g 0 -8.046 Td (2422) Tj ET endstream endobj 5 0 obj <>stream h޼TMo@+{xgvf?*R[T@‚j FʿE\P j7^޾Yc) P\ TX^ 9fC)3So ONS7M_bݴz&mjQ:붫z{VxUz߰1%UKQl\J9V}[]}h/m ح=|]lU@P@PI%%0},hQI@y/"'fM(a+.N8 $=Z@~m6j GɊ`0AEVy,x&#͙2 ]Pp~TMגR 7߇Oi|FqIO :bB-]Pt&π\ ||0UJCqcXq?5uh\_.Ї=n`φi endstream endobj 6 0 obj <>/Resources<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/Thumb 109 0 R/Type/Page>> endobj 7 0 obj <>stream BT /T1_0 8.966 Tf 0.98 0 0 1 53.574 698.351 Tm [(vulnerable)-237(to)-238(the)-237(ne)7(w)-237(attacks)-237(w)8(e)-237(de)7(v)8(elop)-7(e)-7(d,)-238(but)-237(some)-237(of)-238(them)-237(only)]TJ 0.995 0 0 1 53.798 687.392 Tm [(marginally)-251(incr)8(ease)-252(the)-251(cost)-252(on)-251(the)-252(a)1(ttacker)-252(side:)-251(as)-252(demonstrate)-7(d)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 676.433 Tm [(in)-229(our)-229(study)60(,)-229(for)-229(the)-229(channels)-229(on)-229(the)-230(virtual)-229(memor)-15(y)60(,)-229(the)-229(page-fault)]TJ 0 -10.959 TD [(attack)-229(is)-229(not)-229(the)-229(most)-229(cost-e\035e)-7(ctiv)8(e)-229(one)-229(and)-229(a)-229(large)-229(numb)-11(er)-229(of)-229(AEX)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 654.516 Tm [(interrupts)-323(ar)8(e)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 53.713 0 Td (not)Tj /T1_0 8.966 Tf 14.8 0 Td [(ne)-7(cessar)-15(y)-323(for)-323(a)-323(successful)-323(attack;)-323(all)-324(e)7(xisting)]TJ -68.513 -10.959 Td [(pr)8(ote)-7(ction)-251(do)-7(es)-251(not)-250(add)-251(much)-251(bur)8(den)-251(to)-251(a)-251(mor)8(e)-251(sophisticate)-7(d)-250(at-)]TJ 0.999 0 0 1 53.798 632.598 Tm [(tacker)59(,)-250(who)-250(can)-250(e\035e)-7(ctiv)8(ely)-250(r)8(e)-7(duce)-250(the)-250(fr)8(e)-7(quency)-250(of)-250(AEX)15(s)-250(without)]TJ 0.995 0 0 1 53.798 621.639 Tm [(undermining)-253(the)-252(e\035e)-7(ctiv)8(eness)-253(of)-253(the)-252(attack.)-253(Most)-252(imp)-7(ortantly)59(,)-253(w)8(e)]TJ 0.992 0 0 1 53.798 610.68 Tm [(hop)-7(e)-251(that)-251(our)-251(study)-251(can)-251(lead)-251(to)-251(r)9(ethinking)-251(the)-251(se)-7(curity)-251(limitations)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 599.721 Tm [(of)-255(SGX)-254(and)-255(similar)-254(TEE)-255(te)-7(chnologies,)-255(pr)8(o)7(v)8(oking)-255(a)-254(discussion)-255(on)]TJ 1 0 0 1 53.467 588.762 Tm [(when)-250(to)-250(use)-250(them)-250(and)-250(ho)7(w)-250(to)-250(use)-250(them)-250(pr)8(op)-7(erly)59(.)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 0.331 -13.948 Td (Contributions)Tj /T1_0 8.966 Tf 0.98 0 0 1 111.138 574.814 Tm [(.)-197(In)-197(this)-196(pap)-7(er)60(,)-197(w)8(e)-196(make)-197(the)-196(follo)7(wing)-197(contributions:)]TJ /T1_3 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 53.798 561.863 Tm (\017)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.016 0 0 1 60.494 561.863 Tm [(The)-246(\033rst)-245(in-depth)-246(study)-246(on)-246(SGX)-246(memor)-14(y)-246(side-channel)-246(attack)-246(sur-)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 550.904 Tm (faces)Tj /T1_0 8.966 Tf [(.)-280(Although)-279(only)-280(fo)-6(cusing)-280(on)-279(the)-280(memor)-14(y)-280(management,)-279(our)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 539.945 Tm [(study)-211(r)8(e)7(v)8(eals)-211(ne)7(w)-212(channels)-211(that)-212(disclose)-211(information)-212(of)-211(the)-212(enclav)9(e)10(,)]TJ 1 0 0 1 53.798 528.986 Tm (particularly)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 44.975 0 Td [(accesse)-7(d)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 32.064 0 Td [(\036ags,)-250(timing)-250(and)-250(cr)8(oss-enclav)8(e)-250(channels.)]TJ /T1_3 8.966 Tf -77.039 -12.951 Td (\017)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 0.993 0 0 1 60.488 516.035 Tm [(Ne)7(w)-251(attacks)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf [(.)-251(W)81(e)-251(de)7(v)8(elop)-7(e)-7(d)-251(a)-251(suite)-251(of)-250(ne)7(w)-251(attack)-251(te)-7(chniques)-251(that)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 505.076 Tm [(e)7(xploit)-191(these)-190(ne)7(w)-191(channels.)-191(Particularly)60(,)-191(w)8(e)-191(sho)8(w)-191(multiple)-191(channels)]TJ 1.012 0 0 1 53.798 494.117 Tm [(can)-247(complement)-248(each)-247(other)-247(to)-248(enhance)-247(the)-247(e\035e)-7(ctiv)8(eness)-248(of)-247(an)-247(at-)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 483.158 Tm [(tack:)-255(timing+)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf [(accesse)-7(d)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 80.934 0 Td [(\036ags)-255(to)-255(r)8(e)-7(duce)-255(AEX)15(s)-255(\(r)9(endering)-255(e)7(xisting)-255(pr)8(o-)]TJ 1 0 0 1 53.798 472.199 Tm [(te)-7(ction)-251(less)-252(e\035e)-7(ctiv)8(e\))-251(and)-252(DRAM+Cache)-251(to)-251(achie)7(v)8(e)-252(a)-251(\033ne-graine)-7(d)]TJ T* [(obser)-15(vation)-250(into)-250(the)-250(enclav)8(e)-250(\(64B\).)]TJ /T1_3 8.966 Tf 0 -12.951 TD (\017)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.018 0 0 1 60.494 448.289 Tm [(Ne)7(w)-245(understanding)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf [(.)-245(W)78(e)-245(discuss)-245(p)-7(ossible)-246(mitigations)-245(of)-245(the)-246(ne)7(w)]TJ 1.005 0 0 1 53.798 437.33 Tm [(thr)8(eats)-248(and)-248(highlight)-247(the)-248(imp)-7(ortance)-248(of)-248(a)-247(b)-10(etter)-248(understanding)-248(of)]TJ 1 0 0 1 53.798 426.371 Tm [(the)-250(limitations)-250(of)-250(SGX)24(-like)-250(te)-7(chnologies.)]TJ /T1_2 10.909 Tf 0 -23.309 TD [(2)-1000(BA)34(CK)24(GROUND)]TJ 0 -15.691 TD [(2.1)-1000(Memor)-15(y)-250(Isolation)-250(in)-250(Intel)-250(SGX)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 373.672 Tm [(Memor)-15(y)-255(isolation)-256(of)-256(enclav)8(e)-255(pr)7(ograms)-255(is)-256(a)-256(ke)7(y)-255(design)-256(featur)8(e)-256(of)]TJ 1.007 0 0 1 53.798 362.713 Tm [(Intel)-248(SGX.)-248(T)63(o)-248(maintain)-248(backwar)8(d-compatibility)59(,)-248(Intel)-248(implements)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 351.754 Tm [(such)-275(isolation)-275(via)-275(e)7(xtensions)-275(to)-275(e)7(xisting)-275(pr)8(o)-7(cessor)-274(ar)7(chite)-6(ctur)7(es,)]TJ 1 0 0 1 53.467 340.795 Tm [(which)-250(w)8(e)-250(intr)8(o)-7(duce)-250(b)-10(elo)7(w)59(.)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 0.017 -13.947 Td [(Virtual)-175(and)-174(physical)-174(memor)-15(y)-175(management)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 0.98 0 0 1 225.405 326.848 Tm [(.)-178(Intel)-179(SGX)-177(r)8(eser)-16(v)9(es)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 315.889 Tm [(a)-315(range)-314(of)-315(continuous)-314(physical)-315(memor)-15(y)-314(e)7(xclusiv)8(ely)-315(for)-315(enclav)8(e)]TJ 0.993 0 0 1 53.798 304.93 Tm [(pr)8(ograms)-252(and)-252(their)-252(contr)8(ol)-252(structur)8(es,)-252(dubb)-10(e)-7(d)-252(Pr)8(o)-7(cessor)-252(Reser)-15(v)8(e)-7(d)]TJ 0.994 0 0 1 53.798 293.971 Tm [(Memor)-15(y)-252(\(PRM\).)-252(The)-251(e)7(xtende)-7(d)-252(memor)-15(y)-252(management)-252(units)-251(\(MMU\))]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 283.012 Tm [(of)-231(the)-231(CP)-50(U)-232(p)1(r)8(e)7(v)8(ents)-231(accesses)-231(to)-232(the)-231(PRM)-231(fr)8(om)-231(all)-231(pr)8(ograms)-231(outside)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 272.053 Tm [(enclav)8(es,)-330(including)-330(the)-329(OS)-330(kernel,)-330(virtual)-329(machine)-330(hyp)-7(er)-15(visors,)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 261.094 Tm [(SMM)-234(co)-7(de)-234(or)-235(Dir)9(e)-8(ct)-234(Memor)-15(y)-234(A)12(ccesses)-234(\(DMA)12(\).)-234(Enclav)8(e)-234(Page)-234(Cache)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.529 250.135 Tm [(\(EPC\))-269(is)-270(a)-269(subset)-269(of)-270(the)-269(PRM)-270(mem)1(or)-15(y)-270(range)10(.)-269(The)-270(EPC)-269(is)-269(divide)-7(d)]TJ 0.992 0 0 1 53.798 239.176 Tm [(to)-251(pages)-252(of)-251(4KBs)-251(and)-252(manage)-7(d)-251(similarly)-252(as)-251(the)-251(r)8(est)-252(of)-251(the)-251(physical)]TJ 1.01 0 0 1 53.798 228.218 Tm [(memor)-15(y)-247(pages.)-248(Each)-247(EPC)-248(page)-247(can)-248(b)-10(e)-247(allo)-7(cate)-7(d)-247(to)-248(one)-247(enclav)8(e)-248(at)]TJ 1 0 0 1 53.798 217.259 Tm [(one)-250(time)10(.)]TJ 0.998 0 0 1 63.761 206.3 Tm [(The)-250(virtual)-251(memor)-15(y)-250(space)-250(of)-250(each)-251(pr)8(ogram)-250(has)-250(an)-251(Enclav)8(e)-250(Lin-)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 195.341 Tm [(ear)-256(A)13(ddr)8(ess)-256(Range)-255(\(ELRANGE\),)-256(which)-256(is)-255(r)8(eser)-15(v)8(e)-7(d)-256(for)-256(enclav)9(es)-256(and)]TJ 0.989 0 0 1 53.798 184.382 Tm [(mapp)-7(e)-7(d)-252(to)-252(the)-252(EPC)-252(pages.)-252(Sensitiv)8(e)-252(co)-7(de)-252(and)-251(data)-252(is)-252(stor)8(e)-7(d)-252(within)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 173.423 Tm [(the)-254(ELRANGE.)-254(Page)-255(tables)-254(r)8(esp)-7(onsible)-254(for)-254(translating)-254(virtual)-254(ad-)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 162.464 Tm [(dr)8(esses)-246(to)-247(physical)-247(addr)9(esses)-247(ar)8(e)-246(manage)-8(d)-246(by)-247(the)-246(untruste)-7(d)-247(system)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 151.505 Tm [(softwar)8(e)10(.)-309(The)-309(translation)-308(lo)-7(okaside)-308(bu\035er)-309(\(TLB\))-308(w)8(orks)-308(for)-309(EPC)]TJ 0.984 0 0 1 53.798 140.546 Tm [(pages)-254(in)-255(traditional)-254(ways.)-254(When)-254(the)-255(CP)-49(U)-255(transitions)-254(b)-10(etw)8(e)-7(en)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 228.781 0 Td (non-)Tj 1 0 0 1 53.798 129.587 Tm [(enclav)8(e)-251(mo)-7(de)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 50.004 0 Td (and)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 15.741 0 Td [(enclav)8(e)-251(mo)-7(de)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf [(,)-251(thr)8(ough)]TJ /T1_4 8.966 Tf 83.521 0 Td (EENTER)Tj /T1_0 8.966 Tf 29.146 0 Td (or)Tj /T1_4 8.966 Tf 10.102 0 Td (EEXIT)Tj /T1_0 8.966 Tf 24.663 0 Td (instruc-)Tj 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 118.628 Tm [(tions)-193(or)-194(A)12(synchr)9(onous)-194(Enclav)8(e)-193(Exits)-193(\()24(AEX)15(s\),)-193(TLB)-193(entries)-194(asso)-7(ciate)-7(d)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.467 107.67 Tm [(with)-248(the)-248(curr)8(ent)-248(Pr)8(o)-7(cess-Conte)7(xt)-248(Identi)1(\033er)-248(\(PCID)9(\))-247(as)-248(w)8(ell)-248(as)-248(the)]TJ 0.987 0 0 1 53.798 96.711 Tm [(global)-253(identi\033er)-253(ar)9(e)-253(\036ushe)-7(d,)-253(pr)8(e)7(v)8(enting)-253(non-enclav)9(e)-253(co)-7(de)-253(learning)]TJ 1 0 0 1 53.798 85.752 Tm [(information)-250(ab)-10(out)-250(addr)8(ess)-250(translation)-250(inside)-250(the)-250(enclav)8(es.)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 264.157 612.599 Td [(Se)-7(curity)-267(che)-7(ck)-268(for)-267(memor)-15(y)-268(isolation)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 467.056 698.351 Tm [(.)-262(T)61(o)-262(pr)8(e)7(v)8(ent)-262(system)-263(soft-)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.623 687.392 Tm [(war)8(e)-208(fr)9(om)-208(arbitrarily)-208(contr)8(olling)-207(the)-208(addr)8(ess)-208(translation)-207(by)-208(manipu-)]TJ 0.339 -10.959 Td [(lating)-198(the)-198(page)-198(tabl)1(e)-198(entries,)-198(the)-198(CP)-50(U)-198(also)-198(consults)-197(the)-198(Enclav)8(e)-198(Page)]TJ 0.986 0 0 1 317.955 665.474 Tm [(Cache)-254(Map)-254(\(EPC)1(M\))-254(during)-254(the)-254(addr)8(ess)-253(translation.)-254(Each)-254(EPC)-254(page)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 654.516 Tm [(corr)8(esp)-7(onds)-293(to)-294(an)-293(entr)-15(y)-293(in)-293(the)-294(EPCM,)-293(which)-293(r)7(e)-6(cor)7(ds)-293(the)-293(o)7(wner)]TJ 1.003 0 0 1 317.955 643.557 Tm [(enclav)8(e)-250(of)-250(the)-250(EPC)-250(page)10(,)-250(the)-249(typ)-7(e)-250(of)-250(the)-250(page)10(,)-250(and)-250(a)-250(valid)-250(bit)-250(i)1(ndi-)]TJ 0.995 0 0 1 317.955 632.598 Tm [(cating)-252(whether)-252(the)-252(page)-252(has)-252(b)-10(e)-7(en)-252(allo)-7(cate)-7(d.)-253(When)-252(an)-252(EPC)-252(page)-252(is)]TJ 0.989 0 0 1 317.955 621.639 Tm [(allo)-7(cate)-7(d,)-252(its)-252(access)-252(p)-7(ermissions)-252(ar)8(e)-252(sp)-8(e)-7(ci\033e)-7(d)-252(in)-252(its)-252(EPCM)-252(entr)-15(y)-252(as)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 610.68 Tm [(r)8(eadable)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf (,)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 34.432 0 Td (writable)Tj /T1_0 8.966 Tf [(,)-264(and/or)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 60.174 0 Td [(e)7(xe)-7(cutable)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf [(.)-264(The)-264(virtual)-264(addr)8(ess)-264(\()16(within)]TJ 0.994 0 0 1 317.955 599.721 Tm [(ELRANGE\))-251(mapp)-7(e)-7(d)-250(to)-251(the)-251(EPC)-250(page)-251(is)-250(also)-251(r)8(e)-7(cor)8(de)-7(d)-251(in)-250(the)-251(EPCM)]TJ 1 0 0 1 317.955 588.762 Tm [(entr)-15(y)59(.)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 327.918 577.803 Tm [(Corr)8(e)-7(ctness)-254(of)-253(page)-254(table)-254(entries)-253(set)-254(up)-254(by)-254(the)-253(untruste)-7(d)-254(system)]TJ 1.005 0 0 1 317.955 566.844 Tm [(softwar)8(e)-249(is)-249(guarante)-7(e)-7(d)-249(by)-249(an)-250(e)7(xtende)-7(d)-249(Page)-249(Miss)-249(Handler)-249(\(PMH\).)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.525 555.885 Tm [(When)-303(the)-303(co)-7(de)-303(is)-303(e)7(xe)-7(cuting)-303(in)-303(the)-303(enclav)8(e)-303(mo)-7(de)-303(or)-303(the)-303(addr)8(ess)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 544.927 Tm [(translation)-198(r)8(esult)-197(falls)-198(into)-198(the)-198(PRM)-197(range)10(,)-198(additional)-197(se)-8(curity)-197(che)-7(ck)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.623 533.968 Tm [(will)-325(take)-325(place)10(.)-325(Sp)-7(e)-7(cially)58(,)-325(when)-325(the)-325(co)-7(de)-324(is)-325(running)-325(in)-325(the)-325(non-)]TJ 1 0 0 1 317.955 523.009 Tm [(enclav)8(e)-250(mo)-7(de)-250(and)-250(addr)8(ess)-250(translation)-250(falls)-250(into)-249(the)-250(PRM)-250(range)10(,)-250(or)]TJ 1.009 0 0 1 317.955 512.05 Tm [(the)-248(co)-7(de)-248(runs)-249(in)-248(the)-248(enclav)8(e)-249(mo)-7(de)-248(but)-248(the)-248(physical)-249(addr)8(ess)-248(is)-248(not)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 501.091 Tm [(p)-7(ointing)-242(to)-242(a)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 49.088 0 Td [(r)8(egular)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 28.443 0 Td [(EPC)-242(page)-242(b)-10(elonging)-242(to)-242(the)-241(curr)8(ent)-242(enclav)8(e)10(,)-242(or)]TJ -77.531 -10.959 Td [(the)-219(virtual)-219(addr)8(ess)-219(triggering)-219(the)-219(page)-219(table)-219(walk)-219(do)-7(esn't)-219(match)-219(the)]TJ 1.008 0 0 1 317.731 479.173 Tm [(virtual)-248(addr)8(ess)-248(r)8(e)-7(cor)8(de)-7(d)-249(in)-248(the)-248(corr)8(esp)-7(onding)-248(entr)-15(y)-248(in)-248(the)-248(EPCM,)]TJ 1.009 0 0 1 317.955 468.214 Tm [(a)-248(page)-248(fault)-248(will)-248(o)-6(ccur)58(.)-248(Other)-15(wise)10(,)-248(the)-248(generate)-7(d)-247(TLB)-248(entries)-248(will)]TJ 1.004 0 0 1 317.955 457.255 Tm [(b)-10(e)-249(set)-248(accor)8(ding)-249(to)-249(b)-9(oth)-249(the)-249(attributes)-248(in)-249(the)-249(EPCM)-248(entr)-15(y)-249(and)-248(the)]TJ 1 0 0 1 317.955 446.296 Tm [(page)-250(table)-250(entr)-15(y)59(.)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 0 -13.947 TD [(Memor)-15(y)-200(encr)-15(yption)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 0.98 0 0 1 398.963 432.349 Tm [(.)-204(T)64(o)-203(supp)-8(ort)-203(larger)-204(ELRANGE)-204(than)-203(EPC,)-204(EPC)]TJ 0.993 0 0 1 317.955 421.39 Tm [(pages)-251(can)-251(b)-10(e)-252(\020swapp)-7(e)-7(d\021)-251(out)-251(to)-251(r)8(egular)-251(physical)-251(memor)-15(y)59(.)-251(This)-251(pr)8(o-)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 410.431 Tm [(ce)-7(dur)8(e)-208(is)-208(calle)-7(d)-208(EPC)-208(page)-208(e)7(viction.)-208(The)-208(con\033dentiality)-208(and)-207(integrity)]TJ 0.989 0 0 1 317.955 399.472 Tm [(of)-253(t)1(he)-253(e)7(victe)-7(d)-252(pages)-253(ar)8(e)-252(guarante)-7(e)-7(d)-253(thr)8(ough)-252(authenticate)-7(d)-253(encr)-15(yp-)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 388.513 Tm [(tion.)-214(The)-214(har)8(dwar)8(e)-214(Memor)-15(y)-214(Encr)-16(yption)-214(Engine)-214(\(MEE\))-214(is)-214(integrate)-7(d)]TJ 1.017 0 0 1 317.623 377.554 Tm [(with)-247(the)-246(memor)-15(y)-247(contr)8(oller)-246(and)-247(seamlessly)-247(encr)-14(ypts)-247(the)-247(content)]TJ 0.992 0 0 1 317.955 366.595 Tm [(of)-252(the)-252(EPC)-252(page)-252(that)-252(is)-252(e)7(victe)-7(d)-252(to)-252(a)-252(r)8(egular)-252(physical)-251(memor)-16(y)-252(page)11(.)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.641 355.636 Tm [(A)-274(Message)-273(A)33(uthentication)-274(Co)-6(de)-274(\(MA)33(C\))-273(pr)8(ote)-7(cts)-274(the)-273(integrity)-274(of)]TJ 1.005 0 0 1 317.955 344.677 Tm [(the)-248(encr)-15(yption)-249(and)-248(a)-249(nonce)-248(asso)-7(ciate)-7(d)-248(with)-249(the)-248(e)7(victe)-7(d)-248(page)10(.)-249(The)]TJ 0.986 0 0 1 317.955 333.719 Tm [(encr)-15(ypte)-7(d)-254(page)-254(can)-254(b)-10(e)-254(stor)8(e)-7(d)-254(in)-254(the)-254(main)-254(memor)-15(y)-254(or)-253(swapp)-8(e)-7(d)-254(out)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 322.76 Tm [(to)-299(se)-7(condar)-15(y)-299(storage)-300(similar)-299(to)-300(r)8(egular)-299(pages.)-300(But)-299(the)-300(metadata)]TJ 0 -10.959 TD [(asso)-7(ciate)-7(d)-338(with)-337(the)-338(encr)-15(yption)-338(ne)-7(e)-7(ds)-338(to)-337(b)-10(e)-338(kept)-338(by)-338(the)-338(system)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 300.842 Tm [(softwar)8(e)-254(pr)8(op)-7(erly)-255(for)-254(the)-254(page)-255(to)-254(b)-10(e)-254(\020swapp)-8(e)-7(d\021)-254(into)-254(the)-255(EPC)-254(again.)]TJ /T1_2 10.909 Tf 1 0 0 1 317.955 275.706 Tm [(2.2)-1000(A)12(dv)8(ersar)-15(y)-250(Mo)-7(del)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 1.014 0 0 1 317.955 262.007 Tm [(In)-246(this)-246(pap)-7(er)58(,)-246(w)8(e)-246(consider)-246(attack)1(s)-246(against)-246(enclav)8(e-pr)7(ote)-6(cte)-7(d)-246(co)-7(de)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 251.049 Tm [(and)-346(data.)-347(The)-346(system)-346(softwar)8(e)-347(her)8(e)-346(r)8(efers)-346(to)-346(the)-346(pr)7(ogram)-346(that)]TJ T* [(op)-7(erates)-310(with)-310(system)-310(privileges,)-310(such)-310(as)-310(op)-7(erating)-310(systems)-310(and)]TJ 1.013 0 0 1 317.955 229.131 Tm [(hyp)-7(er)-15(visors.)-247(Our)-247(fo)-7(cus)-248(in)-247(this)-247(pap)-7(er)-247(is)-248(side-channel)-247(analysis)-247(that)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 218.172 Tm [(thr)8(eatens)-354(the)-354(con\033dentiality)-355(of)-354(the)-354(enclav)8(e)-354(pr)8(ograms.)-355(A)12(s)-355(such,)]TJ T* [(softwar)8(e)-300(bugs)-300(in)-300(the)-300(co)-7(de)-300(of)-299(an)-300(enclav)7(e)-299(pr)7(ogram)-300(a)1(r)7(e)-300(out)-299(of)-300(our)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 196.254 Tm [(scop)-7(e)10(.)-218(Mor)8(e)-7(o)7(v)8(er)60(,)-217(side)-218(channels)-218(not)-218(inv)8(olving)-218(memor)-15(y)-218(management)]TJ 1 0 0 1 317.955 185.295 Tm [(and)-250(addr)8(ess)-250(translation)-250(ar)8(e)-250(not)-250(co)7(v)8(er)8(e)-7(d)-250(either)59(.)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 327.918 174.336 Tm [(W)82(e)-226(assume)-226(in)-226(our)-226(demonstrate)-7(d)-226(attacks)-226(kno)8(wle)-8(dge)-225(of)-226(the)-226(victim)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 163.377 Tm [(binar)-15(y)-275(co)-6(de)-275(to)-275(b)-10(e)-275(loade)-7(d)-275(into)-275(the)-275(enclav)8(e)10(.)-275(A)12(s)-275(the)-275(adv)8(ersar)-15(y)-275(also)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 152.418 Tm [(kno)7(ws)-252(the)-251(base)-252(addr)8(ess)-252(of)-251(the)-252(enclav)8(e)-252(binar)-15(y)-252(in)-252(the)-251(virtual)-252(addr)8(ess)]TJ 1.015 0 0 1 317.955 141.46 Tm [(space)10(,)-246(as)-245(w)8(ell)-245(as)-246(the)-245(entir)8(e)-246(virtual-to-physical)-245(mapping,)-245(the)-246(map-)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 130.501 Tm [(ping)-255(of)-256(the)-255(binar)-15(y)-255(co)-7(de)-255(in)-255(pages,)-256(caches,)-255(DRAMs)-255(can)-256(b)-9(e)-256(deriv)8(e)-7(d.)]TJ 0.984 0 0 1 317.955 119.542 Tm [(Sour)8(ce)-253(co)-7(de)-253(of)-254(the)-253(victim)-253(pr)8(ogram)-253(is)-253(NO)5(T)-254(r)9(e)-8(quir)9(e)-8(d.)-253(W)82(e)-254(conducte)-7(d)]TJ 0.988 0 0 1 317.955 108.583 Tm [(analysis)-254(and)-254(e)7(xp)-7(eriments)-255(on)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 106.563 0 Td [(r)8(eal)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 16.159 0 Td [(SGX)-254(platforms.)-254(So)-254(w)8(e)-255(do)-254(assume)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 97.624 Tm [(the)-255(adv)8(ersar)-15(y)-254(has)-255(access)-255(to)-254(a)-255(machine)-255(of)-254(the)-255(same)-255(con\033guration)]TJ 1 0 0 1 317.955 86.665 Tm [(b)-10(efor)8(e)-250(p)-7(erforming)-250(the)-250(attacks.)]TJ -14.04 -13.938 Td (3)Tj ET /QITE_maskingtape BMC 1 g 293.8 38.45 26.35 42.95 re f EMC /Artifact <>BDC q 1 0 0 1 54 755.4614258 cm 0 g /GS0 gs /Fm0 Do Q EMC /Artifact <>BDC q 1 0 0 1 355.0029907 755.4614258 cm 0 g /GS0 gs /Fm1 Do Q EMC /Artifact <>BDC q 1 0 0 1 297.8215027 38.5740509 cm 0 g /GS0 gs /Fm2 Do Q EMC endstream endobj 8 0 obj <>stream /
Session K4: Secure Enclaves
CCS’17, October 30-November 3, 2017, Dallas, TX, USA
endstream endobj 9 0 obj <>>>/Resources 142 0 R/Subtype/Form>>stream 0 g 0 G 0 i 0 J []0 d 0 j 1 w 10 M 0 Tc 0 Tw 100 Tz 0 TL 0 Tr 0 Ts BT /LinuxBiolinum 9 Tf 0 g 0 -8.046 Td (2423) Tj ET endstream endobj 10 0 obj <>stream h241T0P041R02S+pҹ f&@ ;;[~^ P!D jg endstream endobj 11 0 obj <>/Resources<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/Thumb 110 0 R/Type/Page>> endobj 12 0 obj <>stream BT /T1_0 10.909 Tf 53.798 698.351 Td [(3)-1000(UNDERST)49(ANDING)-250(A)63(T)-55(T)49(A)34(CK)-250(SURF)59(A)34(CES)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 684.653 Tm [(In)-332(this)-331(se)-7(ction,)-332(w)8(e)-331(e)7(xplor)7(e)-331(side-channel)-332(attack)-331(surfaces)-332(in)-331(SGX)]TJ 0.983 0 0 1 53.798 673.694 Tm [(memor)-15(y)-255(management,)-255(thr)8(ough)-255(an)-254(in-depth)-255(study)-255(of)-255(attack)-255(v)9(e)-8(ctors)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.529 662.735 Tm [(\()12(shar)8(e)-7(d)-267(r)8(esour)8(ces)-266(that)-266(allo)6(w)-266(interfer)8(ence)-266(of)-267(the)-266(e)7(xe)-7(cution)-266(inside)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 651.776 Tm [(enclav)8(es\),)-248(follo)7(w)8(e)-7(d)-248(by)-249(an)-248(analysis)-248(of)-249(individual)-248(v)8(e)-7(ctors,)-248(in)-249(terms)-248(of)]TJ 1 0 0 1 53.798 640.817 Tm [(the)-250(way)-250(the)7(y)-250(can)-250(b)-10(e)-250(e)7(xploite)-7(d)-250(and)-250(e\035e)-7(ctiv)8(eness)-250(of)-250(the)-250(attacks.)]TJ /T1_0 10.909 Tf 0 -21.7 TD [(3.1)-1000(Attack)-250(V)80(e)-7(ctors)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 0.98 0 0 1 53.484 605.419 Tm [(A)-190(memor)-15(y)-190(r)9(efer)8(ence)-190(in)-190(the)-189(mo)-8(dern)-189(Intel)-190(CP)-50(U)-190(ar)9(chite)-8(ctur)9(es)-190(inv)8(olv)8(es)]TJ 0.32 -10.959 Td [(a)-183(se)-7(quence)-184(of)-183(micr)8(o-op)-7(erations:)-183(the)-183(virtual)-183(addr)8(ess)-183(generate)-8(d)-183(by)-183(the)]TJ 0.991 0 0 1 53.798 583.501 Tm [(pr)8(ogram)-252(is)-252(translate)-7(d)-252(into)-251(the)-252(physical)-252(addr)8(ess,)-252(by)-252(\033rst)-251(consulting)]TJ 1.009 0 0 1 53.798 572.542 Tm [(a)-248(set)-249(of)-248(addr)8(ess)-249(translation)-248(caches)-249(\()17(e)10(.g.,)-248(TLBs)-249(and)-248(various)-249(paging-)]TJ 0.999 0 0 1 53.798 561.583 Tm [(structur)8(e)-250(caches\))-251(and)-250(then)-250(walking)-250(thr)8(ough)-251(the)-250(page)-250(tables)-251(in)-250(the)]TJ 1 0 0 1 53.798 550.624 Tm [(memor)-15(y)59(.)-251(The)-250(r)8(esulting)-251(physical)-250(addr)8(ess)-251(is)-250(then)-251(use)-7(d)-250(to)-251(access)-250(the)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 539.665 Tm [(cache)-182(\()17(e)10(.g.,)-182(L1,)-182(L2,)-182(L3\))-182(and)-183(DRAM)-182(to)-182(complete)-182(the)-182(memor)-15(y)-183(r)9(efer)8(ence)10(.)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 528.706 Tm [(Her)8(e)10(,)-271(w)7(e)-271(discuss)-271(memor)-14(y)-271(side-channel)-272(attack)-271(v)8(e)-7(ctors)-271(in)-271(each)-271(of)]TJ 1 0 0 1 53.798 517.748 Tm [(these)-250(steps.)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf -0.332 -13.948 Td [(A)12(ddr)8(ess)-167(T)20(ranslation)-166(Caches.)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 0.98 0 0 1 168.663 503.8 Tm [(A)12(ddr)8(ess)-170(translation)-170(caches)-170(ar)8(e)-170(har)8(d-)]TJ 0.992 0 0 1 53.467 492.841 Tm [(war)8(e)-251(caches)-251(that)-250(facilitate)-251(addr)8(ess)-251(translation,)-251(including)-251(TLBs)-250(and)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.574 481.882 Tm [(various)-207(paging-structur)8(e)-208(caches.)-207(TLB)-208(is)-207(a)-207(multi-le)7(v)8(el)-207(set-asso)-8(ciativ)9(e)]TJ 0.229 -10.959 Td [(har)8(dwar)8(e)-235(cache)-236(that)-235(temp)-7(orarily)-236(stor)9(es)-236(the)-235(translation)-236(fr)8(om)-235(virtual)]TJ 1.007 0 0 1 53.798 459.964 Tm [(page)-247(numb)-10(ers)-247(to)-247(physical)-247(page)-247(numb)-10(ers.)-247(Sp)-7(e)-6(cially)58(,)-247(the)-247(virtual)-247(ad-)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 449.005 Tm [(dr)8(ess)-200(is)-201(\033rst)-200(divide)-8(d)-200(into)-201(thr)9(e)-8(e)-200(comp)-7(onents:)-201(TLB)-200(tag)-201(bits,)-201(TLB-inde)8(x)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 438.046 Tm [(bits,)-260(and)-259(page-o\035set)-260(bits.)-260(The)-259(TLB-inde)6(x)-259(bits)-260(ar)8(e)-260(use)-7(d)-259(to)-260(inde)7(x)-260(a)]TJ 0 -10.959 TD [(set-asso)-7(ciativ)8(e)-324(TLB)-324(and)-324(the)-323(TLB-tag)-324(bits)-324(ar)8(e)-324(use)-7(d)-324(to)-324(match)-324(the)]TJ 0 -10.958 TD [(tags)-303(in)-303(each)-302(of)-303(the)-303(TLB)-303(entries)-302(of)-303(the)-303(sear)8(che)-7(d)-303(TLB)-302(set.)-303(Similar)]TJ 0 -10.959 TD [(to)-298(L1)-299(caches,)-298(the)-298(L1)-299(TLB)-298(for)-298(data)-298(and)-299(instructions)-298(ar)8(e)-298(split)-299(into)]TJ T* [(dTLB)-285(and)-284(iTLB.)-285(An)-285(L2)-285(TLB,)-284(typically)-285(larger)-285(and)-285(uni\033e)-6(d,)-285(will)-285(b)-10(e)]TJ 0.997 0 0 1 53.798 383.252 Tm [(sear)8(che)-7(d)-250(up)-7(on)-250(L1)-249(TLB)-250(misses.)-250(Re)-7(cent)-250(Intel)-250(pr)8(o)-7(cessors)-249(allo)7(w)-250(sele)-7(c-)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 372.293 Tm [(tiv)8(ely)-234(\036ushing)-235(TLB)-235(entries)-234(at)-235(conte)7(xt)-235(switch.)-234(This)-235(is)-235(enable)-7(d)-234(by)-235(the)]TJ 0.997 0 0 1 53.798 361.334 Tm [(Pr)8(o)-7(cess-Conte)7(xt)-250(Identi\033er)-249(\(PCID)10(\))-250(\033eld)-250(in)-249(the)-250(TLB)-249(entries)-250(to)-250(av)8(oid)]TJ 1.011 0 0 1 53.798 350.375 Tm [(\036ushing)-248(the)-248(entries)-248(that)-248(will)-247(b)-10(e)-248(use)-7(d)-248(again.)-248(If)-248(b)-10(oth)-248(le)7(v)8(els)-248(of)-248(TLBs)]TJ 1.006 0 0 1 53.798 339.416 Tm [(miss,)-249(a)-249(page)-249(table)-248(walk)-249(will)-249(b)-10(e)-249(initiate)-7(d.)-249(The)-249(virtual)-248(page)-249(numb)-10(er)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 328.457 Tm [(is)-255(divide)-7(d)-256(into)11(,)-256(accor)8(ding)-255(to)-255(Intel's)-255(terminology)60(,)-255(PML4)-256(bits,)-255(PDPTE)]TJ 0.984 0 0 1 53.798 317.498 Tm [(bits,)-255(PDE)-254(bits,)-255(and)-254(PTE)-255(bits,)-254(each)-255(of)-254(which)-255(is)-255(r)9(esp)-8(onsible)-254(for)-255(inde)7(x-)]TJ 1.015 0 0 1 53.798 306.54 Tm [(ing)-247(one)-246(le)7(v)8(el)-247(of)-246(page)-247(tables)-247(in)-246(the)-247(main)-246(memor)-15(y)58(.)-246(Due)-247(to)-247(the)-246(long)]TJ 0.999 0 0 1 53.798 295.581 Tm [(latency)-249(of)-249(page-table)-249(walks,)-249(if)-249(the)-250(pr)8(o)-7(cessor)-249(is)-249(also)-249(e)-7(quipp)-7(e)-7(d)-249(with)]TJ 1.012 0 0 1 53.798 284.622 Tm [(paging)-247(structur)8(e)-248(caches,)-247(such)-247(as)-247(PML4)-248(cach)1(e)9(,)-247(PDPTE)-247(cache)10(,)-247(PDE)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 273.663 Tm [(cache)10(,)-275(these)-276(har)8(dwar)8(e)-275(caches)-275(will)-275(also)-275(b)-10(e)-275(sear)7(che)-6(d)-276(to)-275(accelerate)]TJ T* [(the)-259(page-table)-260(walk.)-259(The)-259(PTEs)-259(can)-260(b)-9(e)-260(\033rst)-259(sear)8(che)-7(d)-259(in)-259(the)-260(cache)]TJ 1 0 0 1 53.798 251.745 Tm [(hierar)8(chy)-250(b)-10(efor)8(e)-250(the)-250(memor)-15(y)-250(access)-250([11].)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 63.761 239.208 Tm [(Vect)25(or)-263(1.)]TJ /T1_3 8.966 Tf 41.58 0 Td [(Shar)8(e)-7(d)-263(TLBs)-262(and)-263(paging-structur)8(e)-263(caches)-262(under)-263(Hy-)]TJ 1 0 0 1 53.798 228.249 Tm [(p)-7(er)39(Thr)8(eading.)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 63.761 215.712 Tm [(When)-274(Hyp)-7(er)38(Thr)8(eading)-274(\(H)-37(T\))]TJ /T1_1 7.273 Tf 1 0 0 1 171.311 218.967 Tm (1)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 177.7 215.712 Tm [(is)-274(enable)-7(d,)-274(co)-7(de)-275(running)-274(in)-274(the)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 204.753 Tm [(enclav)8(e)-227(mo)-7(de)-228(may)-227(shar)8(e)-227(the)-227(same)-228(set)-227(of)-227(TLBs)-228(and)-227(paging-structur)8(e)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 193.794 Tm [(caches)-339(with)-338(co)-7(de)-339(running)-339(in)-338(non-enclav)8(e)-339(mo)-7(de)10(.)-339(Ther)7(efor)8(e)10(,)-339(the)]TJ T* [(enclav)8(e)-336(co)-7(de)24('s)-336(use)-336(of)-336(such)-336(r)8(esour)8(ces)-336(will)-336(interfer)8(e)-336(with)-336(that)-336(of)]TJ 0.995 0 0 1 53.798 171.876 Tm [(the)-250(non-enclav)8(e)-251(co)-7(de)10(,)-250(cr)8(eating)-250(side)-251(channels)1(.)-251(This)-250(attack)-250(v)8(e)-7(ctor)-251(is)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 160.918 Tm [(utilize)-7(d)-255(to)-254(clear)-255(the)-254(TLB)-255(entries)-255(in)-254(the)-255(H)-37(T)60(-SPM)-255(attack)-254(\(Se)-8(ction)-254(4.1\).)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 1.002 0 0 1 63.761 148.381 Tm [(Vect)25(or)-250(2.)]TJ /T1_3 8.966 Tf 41.539 0 Td [(F)-12(lushing)-250(sele)-7(cte)-7(d)-249(entries)-250(in)-250(TLB)-249(and)-250(paging-structur)8(e)]TJ 1 0 0 1 53.798 137.422 Tm [(caches)-250(at)-250(AEX.)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 0.98 0 0 1 63.761 124.885 Tm [(A)12(ccor)8(ding)-255(to)-256(r)8(e)-7(cent)-255(v)8(ersions)-256(of)-255(Intel)-256(Softwar)8(e)-255(De)7(v)8(elop)-7(er's)-256(Man-)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 113.926 Tm [(ual)-275([)]TJ 1 0 0 1 71.019 113.926 Tm (3)Tj 1.02 0 0 1 75.189 113.926 Tm [(],)-275(entering)-275(and)-275(leaving)-275(the)-275(enclav)8(e)-275(mo)-7(de)-275(will)-275(\036ush)-275(entries)]TJ -20.972 -10.959 Td [(in)-276(TLB)-275(and)-276(paging-structur)8(e)-275(caches)-276(that)-275(ar)8(e)-276(asso)-7(ciate)-7(d)-275(with)-276(the)]TJ ET q 1 0 0 1 53.7980042 93.7570038 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 47.821 0 l S Q BT /T1_1 5.48 Tf 53.672 87.587 Td (1)Tj /T1_1 6.974 Tf 3.046 -2.64 Td [(Intel's)-250(term)-250(for)-250(Simultane)-7(ous)-250(Multi-)49(Thr)8(eading.)]TJ ET q 0.292984 0 0 0.292984 323.9620056 685.1679993 cm /Fm0 Do Q BT /T1_0 8.966 Tf 382.541 665.542 Td [(Figur)8(e)-250(1:)-250(Page)-250(table)-250(entries.)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 638.164 Tm [(curr)8(ent)-317(PCID)29(.)-317(A)12(s)-317(such,)-316(it)-317(enables)-316(an)-317(adv)8(ersar)-15(y)-316(fr)8(om)-317(a)-317(di\035er)8(ent)]TJ 0.995 0 0 1 317.955 627.205 Tm [(pr)8(o)-7(cess)-252(conte)7(xt)-252(to)-253(infer)-252(the)-252(\036ushe)-7(d)-252(entries)-252(at)-252(conte)7(xt)-253(switch.)-252(This)]TJ 0.996 0 0 1 317.955 616.246 Tm [(is)-251(p)-7(ossible)-252(e)7(v)8(en)-251(on)-251(pr)8(o)-7(cessors)-252(without)-251(H)-37(T)63(.)-251(Ho)7(w)8(e)7(v)8(er)59(,)-251(w)8(e)-251(w)8(er)8(e)-252(not)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 605.287 Tm [(able)-325(to)-325(con\033rm)-324(this)-325(attack)-325(v)8(e)-7(ctor)-325(on)-324(the)-325(machines)-325(w)8(e)-325(had)-324(\(i.e)9(.,)]TJ 0.981 0 0 1 317.955 594.329 Tm [(Skylake)-255(i7-6700\).)-256(W)82(e)-255(conje)-7(ctur)8(e)-255(that)-256(this)-255(is)-255(b)-10(e)-8(cause)-255(our)-255(Skylake)-255(i7-)]TJ 0.991 0 0 1 317.955 583.37 Tm [(6700)-252(follo)7(ws)-253(the)-252(sp)-7(e)-7(ci\033cation)-252(in)-253(an)-252(older)-253(v)9(ersion)-253(of)-252(Intel)-253(Softwar)9(e)]TJ 0.997 0 0 1 317.955 572.411 Tm [(De)7(v)8(elop)-7(er's)-250(Manual)-249([)]TJ 1 0 0 1 396.561 572.411 Tm (4)Tj 0.997 0 0 1 400.731 572.411 Tm [(],)-250(which)-249(states)-250(all)-249(entries)-250(will)-249(b)-11(e)-249(\036ushe)-7(d)-250(r)8(e-)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 561.452 Tm [(gar)8(dless)-236(of)-236(the)-236(pr)9(o)-8(cess)-235(conte)7(xt.)-236(Ne)7(v)8(ertheless,)-236(w)8(e)-236(b)-10(elie)7(v)8(e)-236(this)-235(attack)]TJ 1 0 0 1 317.731 550.493 Tm [(v)8(e)-7(ctor)-250(could)-250(b)-10(e)-250(pr)8(esent)-250(in)-250(futur)8(e)-250(pr)8(o)-7(cessors.)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 10.187 -11.596 Td [(Vect)25(or)-250(3.)]TJ /T1_3 8.966 Tf 41.55 0 Td [(Refer)8(ence)-7(d)-250(PTEs)-250(ar)8(e)-250(cache)-7(d)-250(as)-250(data.)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 327.918 527.301 Tm [(Beside)-328(paging-structur)8(e)-328(caches,)-328(r)8(efer)8(ence)-7(d)-328(PTEs)-328(will)-328(also)-328(b)-9(e)]TJ 0.995 0 0 1 317.955 516.342 Tm [(cache)-7(d)-251(as)-251(r)8(egular)-250(data)-251([)]TJ 1 0 0 1 404.39 516.342 Tm (11)Tj 0.995 0 0 1 412.728 516.342 Tm [(].)-251(This)-251(artifact)-250(enables)-251(a)-251(ne)7(w)-251(attack)-251(v)8(e)-7(c-)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 505.383 Tm [(tor:)-203(by)-202(e)7(xploiting)-203(the)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 77.688 0 Td [(Flush+Relo)10(ad)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 57.711 0 Td [(side)-203(channel)-202(on)-203(the)-202(monitor)8(e)-7(d)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 494.425 Tm [(PTEs,)-265(the)-266(adv)8(ersar)-15(y)-265(can)-265(p)-7(erform)-266(a)-265(cr)8(oss-cor)8(e)-266(attack)-265(to)-265(trace)-266(the)]TJ T* [(page-le)7(v)8(el)-348(memor)-15(y)-347(access)-348(pattern)-347(of)-348(the)-348(enclav)8(e)-348(co)-6(de)9(.)-348(This)-347(at-)]TJ 1.01 0 0 1 317.955 472.507 Tm [(tack)-247(v)8(e)-7(ctor)-246(pr)8(esents)-247(a)-246(timing-channel)-247(v)8(ersion)-246(of)-247(the)-246(sneaky)-247(page)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 461.548 Tm [(monitoring)-337(attack)-338(w)8(e)-337(describ)-10(e)-337(in)-338(Se)-7(ction)-337(4.)-338(W)78(e)-337(will)-337(discuss)-338(its)]TJ 1 0 0 1 317.955 450.589 Tm [(implication)-250(in)-250(Se)-7(ction)-250(6.)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 0 -13.948 TD [(Page)-250(tables.)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.019 0 0 1 367.452 436.641 Tm [(Page)-245(tables)-245(ar)8(e)-245(multi-le)7(v)8(el)-245(data)-245(structur)8(es)-245(stor)8(e)-7(d)-245(in)]TJ 1.002 0 0 1 317.955 425.682 Tm [(main)-251(memor)-15(y)59(,)-250(ser)-15(ving)-251(addr)8(ess)-251(translation.)-250(Ev)8(er)-15(y)-251(page-table)-251(walk)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 414.723 Tm [(inv)8(olv)8(es)-219(multiple)-219(memor)-15(y)-219(accesses.)-219(Di\035er)8(ent)-219(fr)8(om)-219(r)8(egular)-219(memor)-15(y)]TJ 0 -10.958 TD [(accesses,)-252(page-table)-252(lo)-7(okups)-251(ar)8(e)-252(trigger)8(e)-7(d)-252(by)-252(the)-251(micr)8(o-co)-7(de)-252(of)-252(the)]TJ 1.002 0 0 1 317.955 392.806 Tm [(pr)8(o)-7(cessor)-250(dir)8(e)-7(ction,)-250(without)-250(inv)8(olving)-250(the)-249(r)8(e-or)8(dering)-250(bu\035er)-250([)]TJ 1 0 0 1 546.069 392.806 Tm (11)Tj 1.002 0 0 1 554.408 392.806 Tm (].)Tj 1.003 0 0 1 317.686 381.847 Tm [(The)-250(entr)-15(y)-250(of)-250(each)-250(le)7(v)8(el)-250(s)1(tor)7(es)-249(the)-250(p)-7(ointer)-250(to)-250(\(i.e)10(.,)-250(physical)-250(addr)8(ess)]TJ 0.992 0 0 1 317.955 370.888 Tm [(of)-77(\))-252(the)-252(memor)-15(y)-252(page)-252(that)-252(contains)-252(the)-252(ne)7(xt)-252(le)7(v)8(el)-252(of)-252(the)-252(page)-253(table)11(.)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.686 359.929 Tm [(The)-201(structur)8(e)-200(of)-201(a)-201(PTE)-200(is)-201(sho)7(wn)-201(in)-200(Figur)8(e)-201(1.)-201(Sp)-7(e)-7(cially)60(,)-201(bit)-200(0)-201(is)]TJ /T1_3 8.966 Tf 220.158 0 Td [(pr)8(esent)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 348.97 Tm [(\036ag,)-258(indicating)-257(whether)-258(a)-258(physical)-258(page)-257(has)-258(b)-10(e)-7(en)-258(mapp)-6(e)-7(d)-258(to)-258(the)]TJ -0.22 -10.959 Td [(virtual)-302(page;)-303(bit)-302(5)-302(is)]TJ /T1_3 8.966 Tf 76.971 0 Td [(accesse)-7(d)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 32.521 0 Td [(\036ag,)-302(which)-303(is)-302(set)-302(by)-302(the)-303(pr)8(o)-7(cessor)]TJ 1.008 0 0 1 317.955 327.052 Tm [(e)7(v)8(er)-15(y)-248(time)-248(the)-248(page-table)-248(walk)-248(leads)-248(to)-248(the)-248(r)8(efer)8(ence)-248(of)-248(this)-247(page)]TJ 0.986 0 0 1 317.955 316.093 Tm [(table)-254(entr)-15(y;)-254(bit)-254(6)-254(is)]TJ /T1_3 8.966 Tf 70.794 0 Td (dirty)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 20.013 0 Td [(\036ag,)-254(which)-254(is)-254(set)-253(when)-254(the)-254(corr)8(esp)-7(onding)]TJ 1.003 0 0 1 317.955 305.134 Tm [(page)-249(has)-250(b)-10(e)-7(en)-249(up)-7(date)-7(d.)-249(Page)-250(frame)-249(r)8(e)-7(claiming)-249(algorithms)-250(r)8(ely)-249(on)]TJ 1 0 0 1 317.955 294.175 Tm (the)Tj /T1_3 8.966 Tf 13.907 0 Td (dirty)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 19.973 0 Td [(\036ag)-250(to)-250(make)-250(frame)-250(r)8(e)-7(clamation)-250(de)-7(cisions.)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 327.918 283.217 Tm [(A)12(s)-199(the)-199(page)-199(tables)-199(ar)8(e)-199(lo)-7(cate)-7(d)-199(inside)-199(the)-199(OS)-199(kernel)-199(and)-199(contr)8(olle)-7(d)]TJ 1.016 0 0 1 317.955 272.258 Tm [(by)-245(the)-246(untruste)-7(d)-245(system)-246(softwar)8(e)10(,)-245(the)6(y)-245(can)-245(b)-10(e)-246(manipulate)-7(d)-245(to)-246(at-)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 261.299 Tm [(tack)-209(enclav)8(es.)-210(Ho)8(w)8(e)7(v)8(er)60(,)-209(as)-209(mentione)-8(d)-209(earlier)60(,)-209(b)-10(e)-7(cause)-209(the)-210(EPC)-209(page)]TJ 1.002 0 0 1 317.955 250.34 Tm [(p)-7(ermission)-250(is)-250(also)-250(pr)8(ote)-7(cte)-7(d)-250(by)-250(EPCM,)-250(malicious)-251(system)-250(softwar)8(e)]TJ 0.994 0 0 1 317.955 239.381 Tm [(cannot)-252(arbitrarily)-252(manipulate)-253(the)-252(EPC)-252(pages)-252(to)-253(com)1(pr)8(omise)-253(its)-252(in-)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 228.422 Tm [(tegrity)-241(and)-240(con\033dentiality)60(.)-241(Ho)7(w)8(e)8(v)8(er)60(,)-241(it)-240(has)-241(b)-10(e)-7(en)-241(sho)7(wn)-241(in)-240(pr)8(e)7(vious)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.623 217.463 Tm [(w)8(ork)-296([)]TJ 1 0 0 1 343.038 217.463 Tm (43)Tj 1.02 0 0 1 351.376 217.463 Tm [(])-296(that)-295(by)-296(clearing)-296(the)]TJ /T1_3 8.966 Tf 81.158 0 Td [(pr)8(esent)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 28.416 0 Td [(\036ag)-296(in)-295(the)-296(corr)8(esp)-7(onding)]TJ -142.339 -10.959 Td [(PTEs,)-349(the)-349(malicious)-349(system)-349(softwar)7(e)-349(can)-349(colle)-7(ct)-349(traces)-349(of)-349(page)]TJ 0 -10.959 TD [(accesses)-298(fr)8(om)-299(the)-298(enclav)8(e)-298(pr)8(ograms,)-299(inferring)-298(se)-7(cr)8(et-dep)-7(endent)]TJ 0.982 0 0 1 317.955 184.586 Tm [(contr)8(ol)-255(\036o)8(ws)-255(or)-255(data)-255(\036o)7(ws.)-254(Ne)7(v)8(ertheless,)-255(setting)]TJ /T1_3 8.966 Tf 180.454 0 Td [(pr)8(esent)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 28.066 0 Td [(\036ag)-255(is)-255(no)1(t)]TJ 1 0 0 1 317.955 173.628 Tm [(the)-250(only)-250(attack)-250(v)8(e)-7(ctor)-250(against)-250(enclav)8(e)-250(pr)8(ograms.)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 9.963 -11.596 Td [(Vect)25(or)-250(4.)]TJ /T1_3 8.966 Tf 41.55 0 Td [(Up)-7(dates)-250(of)-250(the)-250(accesse)-7(d)-250(\036ags)-250(in)-250(enclav)8(e)-250(mo)-7(de)10(.)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 0.993 0 0 1 327.918 150.436 Tm [(When)-252(the)-251(page-table)-252(walk)-252(r)8(esults)-251(in)-252(a)-252(r)9(efer)8(ence)-252(of)-252(the)-251(PTE,)-252(the)]TJ /T1_3 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 139.477 Tm [(accesse)-7(d)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 32.783 0 Td [(\036ag)-331(of)-332(the)-331(entr)-15(y)-332(will)-331(b)-10(e)-331(set)-332(to)-331(1.)-332(A)11(s)-331(such,)-332(co)-7(de)-331(run)-332(in)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 128.518 Tm [(non-enclav)8(e)-251(mo)-7(de)-251(will)-252(b)-10(e)-251(able)-251(to)-252(dete)-7(ct)-251(the)-251(page)-251(table)-252(up)-7(dates)-251(and)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 117.559 Tm [(learn)-317(that)-317(the)-317(corr)8(esp)-7(onding)-317(EPC)-316(page)-317(has)-317(just)-317(b)-10(e)-7(en)-316(visite)-7(d)-317(by)]TJ 1.013 0 0 1 317.955 106.6 Tm [(the)-247(enclav)8(e)-247(co)-7(de)10(.)-247(Ho)7(w)8(e)7(v)8(er)58(,)-247(page-table)-247(walk)-247(will)-247(also)-246(up)-7(date)-247(TLB)]TJ 1.001 0 0 1 317.955 95.641 Tm [(entries,)-249(so)-249(that)-249(futur)8(e)-248(r)8(efer)8(ences)-249(to)-249(the)-249(same)-249(page)-249(will)-249(not)-248(up)-7(date)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 84.682 Tm (the)Tj /T1_3 8.966 Tf 13.638 0 Td [(accesse)-7(d)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 31.806 0 Td [(\036ags)-220(in)-220(PTEs,)-220(until)-220(the)-220(TLB)-220(entries)-219(ar)8(e)-220(e)7(victe)-7(d)-220(by)-220(other)]TJ 1 0 0 1 303.812 72.727 Tm (4)Tj ET /QITE_maskingtape BMC 1 g 293.8 38.45 26.35 42.95 re f EMC 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Session K4: Secure Enclaves
CCS’17, October 30-November 3, 2017, Dallas, TX, USA
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Tf 1.02 0 0 1 63.761 659.272 Tm [(Similar)-318(to)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 39.143 0 Td [(accesse)-7(d)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 32.659 0 Td [(\036ags,)-318(the)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 36.257 0 Td (dirty)Tj /T1_0 8.966 Tf 20.572 0 Td [(\036ag)-318(will)-318(b)-9(e)-318(up)-7(date)-7(d)-318(when)]TJ 1.019 0 0 1 53.798 648.313 Tm [(the)-246(corr)8(esp)-7(onding)-246(EPC)-246(page)-246(is)-246(mo)-7(di\033e)-7(d)-246(by)-245(the)-246(enclav)7(e)-246(pr)8(ogram.)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.529 637.354 Tm [(This)-291(artifact)-291(can)-291(b)-10(e)-291(e)7(xploite)-7(d)-291(to)-291(dete)-7(ct)-291(memor)-15(y)-291(writes)-291(to)-291(a)-291(ne)7(w)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 626.395 Tm [(page)10(.)-243(The)-243(ne)7(w)-243(side-channel)-243(attack)-243(v)8(e)-7(ctor)-243(will)-243(enable)-243(the)-243(adv)8(ersar)-16(y)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 615.436 Tm [(to)-281(monitor)-281(se)-7(cr)8(et-dep)-7(endent)-280(memor)-15(y)-281(writes,)-281(p)-7(otentially)-281(a)-280(\033ner-)]TJ 1 0 0 1 53.798 604.477 Tm [(graine)-7(d)-250(infer)8(ence)-250(attack)-250(than)-250(memor)-15(y)-250(access)-250(tracking.)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 9.963 -14.06 Td [(Vect)25(or)-250(6.)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 41.55 0 Td [(Page)-250(faults)-250(trigger)8(e)-7(d)-250(in)-250(enclav)8(e)-250(mo)-7(de)10(.)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 0.98 0 0 1 63.761 576.356 Tm [(In)-222(addition)-221(to)-222(the)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 64.738 0 Td [(pr)8(esent)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 27.77 0 Td [(\036ag,)-222(a)-222(fe)8(w)-222(other)-222(bits)-222(in)-221(the)-222(PTEs)-222(can)-222(b)-10(e)]TJ -102.674 -10.959 Td [(e)7(xploite)-7(d)-243(to)-242(trigger)-243(page)-243(faults.)-242(For)-243(e)7(xample)10(,)-242(on)-243(a)-243(x86-64)-242(pr)8(o)-7(cessor)60(,)]TJ 1.015 0 0 1 53.798 554.439 Tm (bit)Tj /T1_3 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 65.784 554.439 Tm (M)Tj /T1_0 8.966 Tf 1.015 0 0 1 75.957 554.439 Tm [(to)-247(bit)-247(51)-247(ar)8(e)-247(r)8(eser)-14(v)7(e)-6(d)-247(bits)-247(which)-247(when)-247(set)-247(will)-247(tr)1(i)-1(g)1(ger)-247(page)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 543.48 Tm [(fault)-192(up)-7(on)-192(addr)8(ess)-191(translation.)-193(Her)8(e)-191(bit)]TJ /T1_3 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 193.521 543.48 Tm (M)Tj /T1_4 8.966 Tf 8.436 0 Td (\000)Tj /T1_5 8.966 Tf 0.98 0 0 1 208.169 543.48 Tm (1)Tj /T1_0 8.966 Tf 5.89 0 Td [(is)-192(the)-192(highest)-191(bit)-192(of)-192(the)]TJ 0.985 0 0 1 53.798 532.521 Tm [(physical)-253(addr)8(ess)-253(on)-254(the)-253(machine)10(.)-253(The)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 139.637 0 Td (NX)Tj /T1_0 8.966 Tf 14.82 0 Td [(\036ag,)-253(when)-254(set,)-253(will)-253(for)8(ce)]TJ 1.001 0 0 1 53.798 521.562 Tm [(page)-250(faults)-249(when)-250(instructions)-250(ar)8(e)-249(fetche)-7(d)-250(fr)8(om)-250(the)-249(corr)8(esp)-7(onding)]TJ 1 0 0 1 53.798 510.603 Tm [(EPC)-250(page)10(.)]TJ /T1_6 8.966 Tf 0 -13.948 TD [(Cache)-226(and)-226(memor)-15(y)-226(hierar)8(chy)59(.)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 0.98 0 0 1 177.673 496.655 Tm [(Once)-230(the)-231(virtual)-230(addr)8(ess)-231(is)-230(trans-)]TJ -126.403 -10.959 Td [(late)-7(d)-205(into)-205(the)-205(physical)-205(addr)9(ess,)-205(the)-205(memor)-15(y)-205(r)8(efer)8(ence)-205(will)-205(b)-10(e)-205(ser)-15(v)8(e)-7(d)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 474.737 Tm [(fr)8(om)-266(the)-265(cache)-266(and)-265(memor)-15(y)-265(hierar)8(chy)57(.)-265(Both)-266(ar)8(e)-265(temp)-7(orar)-15(y)-265(stor-)]TJ 0 -10.958 TD [(age)-270(that)-270(only)-271(hold)-270(data)-270(when)-270(the)-270(p)-7(o)7(w)8(er)-271(is)-270(on.)-270(On)-270(the)-270(top)-271(of)-270(the)]TJ 1.012 0 0 1 53.798 452.82 Tm [(hierar)8(chy)-247(is)-246(the)-247(separate)-246(L1)-247(data)-246(and)-247(instruction)-246(caches,)-247(the)-246(ne)7(xt)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 441.861 Tm [(le)7(v)8(el)-280(is)-279(the)-279(uni\033e)-7(d)-279(L2)-280(cache)-279(de)-7(dicate)-7(d)-279(to)-279(one)-280(CP)-48(U)-279(cor)8(e)10(,)-279(then)-280(L3)]TJ 0.988 0 0 1 53.798 430.902 Tm [(cache)-254(shar)8(e)-7(d)-254(by)-254(all)-253(cor)8(es)-254(of)-254(the)-254(CP)-49(U)-254(package)10(,)-254(then)-254(the)-254(main)-254(mem-)]TJ 1.016 0 0 1 53.798 419.943 Tm [(or)-15(y)58(.)-247(Caches)-247(ar)8(e)-247(typically)-248(built)-247(on)-247(Static)-247(Random-)36(A)12(ccess)-247(Memor)-15(y)]TJ 0.995 0 0 1 53.529 408.984 Tm [(\(SRAM\))-250(and)-250(the)-250(main)-250(memor)-16(y)-250(on)-250(D)-10(ynamic)-250(Random-)37(A)12(ccess)-250(Mem-)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 398.025 Tm [(or)-15(y)-296(\(DRAM\).)-297(The)-297(upp)-7(er)-297(le)7(v)8(el)-297(storage)-296(tends)-297(to)-297(b)-10(e)-296(smaller)57(,)-296(faster)]TJ 0.983 0 0 1 53.798 387.066 Tm [(and)-255(mor)8(e)-254(e)7(xp)-7(ensiv)8(e)10(,)-254(while)-255(the)-255(lo)7(w)8(er)-254(le)7(v)8(el)-255(storage)-254(is)-255(usually)-254(larger)60(,)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 376.107 Tm [(slo)7(w)8(er)-271(and)-270(a)-270(lot)-270(cheap)-7(er)58(.)-271(Memor)-14(y)-271(fetch)-270(go)-7(es)-270(thr)8(ough)-270(each)-270(le)6(v)8(el)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 365.148 Tm [(fr)8(om)-209(top)-209(to)-209(b)-10(ottom;)-209(misses)-209(in)-209(the)-209(upp)-7(er)-209(le)7(v)8(el)-209(will)-209(lead)-209(to)-209(accesses)-209(to)]TJ T* [(the)-192(ne)7(xt)-192(le)7(v)8(el.)-193(Data)-192(or)-192(co)-7(de)-192(fetche)-8(d)-192(fr)8(om)-192(lo)7(w)9(er)-193(le)7(v)9(els)-193(usually)-192(up)-7(date)]TJ 1 0 0 1 53.798 343.231 Tm [(entries)-250(in)-250(the)-250(upp)-7(er)-250(le)7(v)8(el)-250(in)-250(or)8(der)-250(to)-250(sp)-7(e)-7(e)-7(d)-250(up)-250(futur)8(e)-250(r)8(efer)8(ences.)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 63.761 332.272 Tm [(The)-248(main)-248(memor)-15(y)-248(is)-248(generally)-247(organize)-7(d)-248(in)-248(multiple)-248(memor)-15(y)]TJ 0.986 0 0 1 53.798 321.313 Tm [(channels,)-253(handle)-7(d)-252(by)-253(memor)-15(y)-252(contr)8(ollers.)-253(One)-252(memor)-16(y)-252(channel)-253(is)]TJ 0.994 0 0 1 53.798 310.354 Tm [(physically)-251(partitione)-7(d)-251(into)-251(multiple)-252(DIMMs)-251(\(Dual)-251(In-line)-251(Memor)-15(y)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 299.395 Tm [(Mo)-7(dule\),)-240(each)-239(with)-239(one)-240(or)-239(tw)8(o)-239(ranks.)-240(Each)-239(rank)-240(has)-239(se)7(v)8(eral)-239(DRAM)]TJ 1.015 0 0 1 53.798 288.436 Tm [(chips)-247(\()17(e)9(.g.,)-247(8)-247(or)-247(16\),)-247(and)-248(is)-247(also)-247(partitione)-7(d)-247(into)-247(multiple)-247(banks.)-248(A)]TJ 0.987 0 0 1 53.798 277.477 Tm [(bank)-253(carries)-252(the)-253(memor)-15(y)-252(arrays)-253(organize)-7(d)-253(in)-252(r)8(o)7(ws)-252(and)-253(each)-253(o)1(f)-253(the)]TJ 1.008 0 0 1 53.798 266.518 Tm [(r)8(o)7(ws)-247(typically)-248(has)-247(a)-247(size)-248(of)-247(8KB,)-247(shar)8(e)-7(d)-248(by)-247(multiple)-247(4KB)-247(memor)-15(y)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 255.559 Tm [(pages)-292(since)-291(one)-292(page)-292(tends)-291(to)-292(span)-291(o)6(v)8(er)-291(multiple)-292(r)8(o)7(ws.)-292(Also)-292(on)]TJ 0.992 0 0 1 53.798 244.6 Tm [(the)-252(bank)-251(is)-252(a)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 48.683 0 Td [(r)8(o)7(w)-251(bu\035er)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 39.252 0 Td [(that)-252(ke)-7(eps)-251(the)-252(most)-252(r)9(e)-8(cently)-251(accesse)-7(d)-252(r)8(o)7(w)60(.)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 233.642 Tm [(Ev)8(er)-15(y)-286(memor)-14(y)-286(r)7(ead)-285(will)-286(load)-286(the)-286(entir)8(e)-286(r)8(o)7(w)-286(into)-286(the)-286(r)8(o)7(w)-286(bu\035er)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 222.683 Tm [(b)-10(efor)8(e)-179(the)-180(memor)-15(y)-179(r)8(e)-7(quest)-179(is)-180(ser)-15(v)8(e)-7(d.)-180(A)13(s)-180(such,)-179(accesses)-179(to)-180(the)-179(DRAM)]TJ 1 0 0 1 53.798 211.724 Tm [(r)8(o)7(w)-250(alr)8(eady)-250(in)-250(the)-250(r)8(o)7(w)-250(bu\035er)-250(ar)8(e)-250(much)-250(faster)59(.)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 63.761 194.974 Tm [(Vect)25(or)-276(7.)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 41.698 0 Td [(CP)-48(U)-276(caches)-276(ar)8(e)-276(shar)8(e)-7(d)-276(b)-9(etw)7(e)-6(en)-276(co)-7(de)-276(in)-276(enclav)8(e)-276(and)]TJ 1 0 0 1 53.798 184.015 Tm [(non-enclav)8(e)-250(mo)-7(de)10(.)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 0.98 0 0 1 63.761 169.954 Tm [(SGX)-231(do)-7(es)-231(not)-231(pr)9(ote)-7(ct)-231(enclav)8(e)-231(against)-231(cache)-231(side)1(-channel)-231(attacks.)]TJ 1.005 0 0 1 53.529 158.995 Tm [(Ther)8(efor)8(e)10(,)-248(all)-248(le)7(v)8(els)-247(of)-248(caches)-248(ar)8(e)-248(shar)8(e)-7(d)-248(b)-9(etw)8(e)-7(en)-248(co)-7(de)-248(in)-248(enclav)8(e)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 148.036 Tm [(mo)-7(de)-274(and)-274(non-enclav)7(e)-274(mo)-7(de)10(,)-274(similar)-274(to)-275(cr)8(oss-pr)8(o)-7(cess)-274(and)-274(cr)8(oss-)]TJ 0.983 0 0 1 53.063 137.078 Tm [(VM)-253(cache)-253(sharing)-253(that)-253(ar)9(e)-253(w)8(ell-kno)7(wn)-253(side-channel)-253(attack)-253(v)9(e)-8(ctors.)]TJ 1.017 0 0 1 53.529 126.119 Tm [(Ther)8(efor)8(e)10(,)-244(all)-245(kno)7(wn)-244(cache)-244(side-channel)-244(attacks,)-244(including)-244(those)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 115.16 Tm [(on)-342(L1)-342(data)-342(cache)10(,)-342(L1)-342(instruction)-342(cache)10(,)-342(and)-342(L3)-342(cache)10(,)-342(all)-342(apply)]TJ 0 -10.959 TD [(to)-362(the)-361(enclav)8(e)-362(settings.)-362(W)78(e)-361(empirically)-362(con\033rme)-7(d)-361(such)-362(thr)8(eats)]TJ 1 0 0 1 53.529 93.242 Tm [(\(Se)-7(ction)-250(5.1\).)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 0.999 0 0 1 327.918 698.351 Tm [(Vect)25(or)-251(8.)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 41.56 0 Td [(The)-251(entir)8(e)-250(memor)-15(y)-251(hierar)8(chy)59(,)-251(i)1(ncluding)-251(memor)-15(y)-251(con-)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 687.392 Tm [(tr)8(ollers,)-286(channels,)-286(DIMMs,)-286(DRAM)-286(ranks)-286(and)-286(banks)-286(\(including)-285(r)7(o)7(w)]TJ 1 0 0 1 317.955 676.433 Tm [(bu\035ers\),)-250(ar)8(e)-250(shar)8(e)-7(d)-250(b)-10(etw)8(e)-7(en)-250(co)-7(de)-250(in)-250(enclav)8(e)-250(and)-250(non-enclav)8(e)-250(mo)-7(de)10(.)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 1.003 0 0 1 327.918 651.003 Tm [(Similar)-250(to)-250(cache)-250(sharing,)-250(DRAM)-250(mo)-7(dules)-250(ar)8(e)-250(shar)8(e)-7(d)-251(by)-250(all)-250(pr)8(o-)]TJ 1.013 0 0 1 317.955 640.044 Tm [(cesses)-248(running)-248(in)-248(the)-248(computer)-248(systems.)-248(Ther)8(efor)8(e)10(,)-248(it)-248(is)-248(unav)8(oid-)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 629.085 Tm [(able)-256(to)-257(hav)9(e)-257(enclav)9(e)-257(co)-7(de)-256(and)-256(non-enclav)8(e)-257(co)-7(de)-256(accessing)-256(memor)-15(y)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 618.126 Tm [(stor)8(e)-7(d)-334(in)-334(the)-335(same)-334(DRAM)-334(bank.)-335(The)-334(DRAM)-334(r)8(o)7(w)-335(bu\035er)-334(can)-334(b)-10(e)]TJ T* [(ser)-15(v)8(e)-7(d)-261(as)-260(a)-261(side-channel)-261(attack)-261(v)8(e)-7(ctor:)-261(when)-261(the)-261(target)-261(pr)8(ogram)]TJ 0 -10.958 TD [(makes)-325(a)-326(memor)-15(y)-325(r)8(efer)8(ence)10(,)-326(the)-325(corr)8(esp)-7(onding)-326(DRAM)-325(r)8(o)7(w)-326(will)]TJ 1.008 0 0 1 317.955 585.25 Tm [(b)-10(e)-248(loade)-7(d)-248(into)-248(the)-249(r)8(o)7(w)-248(bu\035er)-248(of)-248(the)-248(bank;)-249(the)-248(adv)8(ersar)-15(y)-248(can)-248(com-)]TJ 0.997 0 0 1 317.955 574.291 Tm [(par)8(e)-252(the)-251(r)8(o)7(w-access)-252(time)-252(to)-251(dete)-8(ct)-251(whether)-252(a)-252(sp)-7(e)-7(ci\033c)-251(r)8(o)7(w)-252(has)-252(just)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 563.332 Tm [(b)-10(e)-7(en)-244(visite)-7(d,)-244(so)-244(as)-244(to)-244(infer)-244(the)-244(target's)-244(memor)-15(y)-244(access.)-244(This)-244(artifact)]TJ 1.002 0 0 1 317.955 552.373 Tm [(has)-249(b)-10(e)-7(en)-248(e)7(xploite)-7(d)-249(in)-248(DRAMA)-249(attacks)-248([)]TJ 1 0 0 1 463.038 552.373 Tm (36)Tj 1.002 0 0 1 471.377 552.373 Tm [(].)-249(In)-248(Se)-7(ction)-249(5,)-248(w)8(e)-249(sho)7(w)]TJ 0.995 0 0 1 317.955 541.414 Tm [(that)-251(after)-251(ke)7(y)-251(te)-7(chnical)-251(challenges)-251(ar)8(e)-252(addr)9(esse)-7(d,)-252(such)-251(attacks)-251(can)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 530.455 Tm [(also)-235(succe)-7(e)-7(d)-235(on)-235(enclav)9(e)-235(pr)8(ograms.)-235(Other)-235(shar)8(e)-7(d)-235(memor)-15(y)-235(hierar)9(chy)]TJ 0.994 0 0 1 317.955 519.496 Tm [(can)-253(also)-253(cr)8(eate)-253(contention)-253(b)-10(etw)8(e)-7(en)-253(enclav)8(e)-253(and)-254(non-enclav)9(e)-254(co)-7(de)10(,)]TJ 1 0 0 1 317.955 508.537 Tm [(causing)-250(interfer)8(ence)-250(that)-250(may)-250(lead)-250(to)-250(co)7(v)8(ert)-250(channels)-250([27].)]TJ /T1_6 10.909 Tf 0 -33.421 TD [(3.2)-1000(Characterizing)-250(Memor)-15(y)-250(V)80(e)-7(ctors)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 1.017 0 0 1 317.955 461.418 Tm [(Her)8(e)-245(w)8(e)-244(characterize)-245(the)-244(afor)7(ementione)-6(d)-245(memor)-15(y)-244(side-channels)]TJ 1 0 0 1 317.955 450.459 Tm [(in)-250(thr)8(e)-7(e)-250(dimensions:)]TJ /T1_6 8.966 Tf 0 -13.948 TD [(Spatial)-270(granularity)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 394.508 436.511 Tm [(.)-265(This)-264(concept)-265(describ)-9(es)-265(the)-264(smallest)-265(unit)-264(of)]TJ 0.991 0 0 1 317.955 425.552 Tm (information)Tj /T1_2 8.966 Tf 46.01 0 Td [(dir)8(e)-7(ctly)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 29.458 0 Td [(obser)-15(vable)-253(to)-252(the)-252(adv)8(ersar)-15(y)-253(during)-252(a)-253(memor)-15(y)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 414.593 Tm [(side-channel)-249(attack.)-249(Sp)-7(e)-8(ci\033cally)61(,)-249(it)-250(measur)9(es)-250(the)-249(size)-249(of)-249(the)-249(addr)8(ess)]TJ 0.998 0 0 1 317.955 403.634 Tm [(space)-249(one)-249(side-channel)-249(obser)-15(vation)-249(could)-249(not)-249(r)8(e)7(v)8(eal.)-249(For)-249(e)7(xample)10(,)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 392.676 Tm [(the)-254(spatial)-253(granularity)-254(of)-253(the)-254(page-fault)-253(attack)-254(is)-253(4KB,)-254(indicating)]TJ 0 -10.959 TD [(that)-317(e)7(v)8(er)-15(y)-316(fault)-317(enables)-316(the)-317(adv)8(ersar)-15(y)-316(to)-317(se)-6(e)-317(one)-317(memor)-14(y)-317(page)]TJ 0.992 0 0 1 317.686 370.758 Tm [(\(4096)-252(bytes\))-251(b)-10(eing)-252(touche)-7(d,)-252(though)-251(the)-252(e)7(xact)-252(addr)9(ess)-252(visite)-7(d)-252(is)-251(not)]TJ 1 0 0 1 317.955 359.799 Tm [(dir)8(e)-7(ctly)-250(disclose)-7(d.)]TJ /T1_6 8.966 Tf -0.296 -13.948 Td [(T)63(emp)-7(oral)-260(obser)-15(vability)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 412.298 345.851 Tm [(.)-255(Giv)8(en)-255(a)-254(spatial)-255(granularity)-255(le)7(v)8(el,)-255(e)7(v)8(en)]TJ 0.996 0 0 1 317.955 334.892 Tm [(though)-250(the)-250(adv)8(ersar)-15(y)-250(cannot)-250(dir)8(e)-7(ctly)-250(se)-7(e)-251(what)-250(happ)-7(ens)-250(inside)-250(the)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 323.933 Tm [(smallest)-204(information)-205(unit,)-204(still)-204(ther)8(e)-204(can)-205(b)-10(e)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 156.923 0 Td [(timing)-204(signals)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 51.992 0 Td [(generate)-7(d)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 312.974 Tm [(during)-347(the)-348(e)7(xe)-7(cution)-347(of)-348(the)-347(target)-347(pr)7(ogram)-347(to)-347(help)-348(distinguish)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 302.016 Tm [(di\035er)8(ent)-174(accesses)-174(made)-175(by)-174(the)-174(pr)8(ogram)-174(within)-174(the)-175(unit.)-174(For)-175(e)8(xample)10(,)]TJ 1.014 0 0 1 317.955 291.057 Tm [(the)-247(duration)-247(for)-247(a)-248(pr)8(ogram)-247(to)-247(stay)-247(on)-247(a)-248(page)-247(indicates,)-247(indir)8(e)-7(ctly)58(,)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.623 280.098 Tm [(whether)-191(a)-191(single)-191(memor)-15(y)-191(or)-191(multiple)-191(accesses)-191(o)-8(ccur)61(.)-192(A)-191(side-channel)]TJ 1.002 0 0 1 317.955 269.139 Tm [(is)-250(said)-250(to)-250(hav)8(e)-250(this)-250(pr)8(op)-7(erty)-249(if)-250(the)-250(timing)-250(is)-250(measur)8(e)-7(d)-250(and)-250(use)-7(d)-250(to)]TJ 1 0 0 1 317.955 258.18 Tm [(r)8(e\033ne)-250(the)-250(obser)-15(vations)-250(in)-250(the)-250(attack.)]TJ /T1_6 8.966 Tf 0 -13.948 TD [(Side)-240(e\035e)-7(cts)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 0.98 0 0 1 363.309 244.232 Tm [(.)-245(W)81(e)-245(use)-245(this)-245(concept)-245(to)-245(characterize)-246(obser)-15(vable)-245(anom-)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 233.273 Tm [(alies)-355(cause)-7(d)-355(by)-355(a)-355(memor)-15(y)-355(side-channel)-355(attack,)-355(which)-355(could)-355(b)-10(e)]TJ 0 -10.959 TD [(emplo)7(y)8(e)-7(d)-280(to)-280(dete)-6(ct)-280(the)-280(attack.)-280(An)-280(e)7(xample)-279(is)-280(AEX,)-280(which)-280(is)-279(fr)8(e-)]TJ 0.981 0 0 1 317.955 211.356 Tm [(quently)-255(inv)9(oke)-8(d)-254(by)-255(the)-254(page-fault)-255(attack.)-255(Another)-254(side)-255(e\035e)-7(ct)-254(is)-255(the)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 200.397 Tm [(slo)7(w)8(do)7(wn)-305(of)-304(the)-304(e)7(xe)-7(cution.)-305(Since)-304(the)-304(primar)-15(y)-304(appr)8(oach)-304(to)-304(con-)]TJ T* [(ducting)-300(a)-299(side-channel)-300(attack)-299(is)-300(to)-299(cause)-300(contention)-299(in)-300(memor)-14(y)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 178.479 Tm [(r)8(esour)8(ce)11(,)-230(such)-230(as)-230(the)-230(\036ush)-229(of)-230(caches,)-230(TLBs,)-230(paging)-230(structur)9(e)-230(caches,)]TJ 1.016 0 0 1 317.955 167.52 Tm [(DRAM)-247(r)8(o)7(w)-247(bu\035ers,)-247(etc.,)-247(o)7(v)7(erheads)-247(will)-247(b)-10(e)-247(intr)8(o)-7(duce)-6(d)-247(to)-247(the)-248(run-)]TJ 0.989 0 0 1 317.955 156.561 Tm [(time)-254(p)-7(erformance)-254(of)-254(the)-254(enclav)8(e)-254(co)-7(de)10(.)-254(AEX)16(s)-254(also)-254(contribute)-254(to)-254(the)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 145.602 Tm [(p)-7(erformance)-243(o)7(v)9(erhead.)-243(For)-243(e)7(xample)11(,)-243(the)-243(original)-242(page-fault)-243(attacks)]TJ 1.001 0 0 1 317.955 134.643 Tm [(ar)8(e)-250(r)8(ep)-7(orte)-7(d)-250(to)-250(make)-250(the)-250(target)-250(pr)8(ogram)-250(run)-250(one)-250(or)-249(tw)8(o)-250(or)8(ders)-250(of)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 123.684 Tm [(magnitude)-270(slo)7(w)8(er)58(.)-270(This)-270(le)7(v)8(el)-270(of)-270(slo)7(w)8(do)7(wn)-270(is)-270(easy)-269(to)-270(get)-270(notice)-7(d.)]TJ 1.01 0 0 1 317.955 112.725 Tm [(Fr)8(e)-7(quent)-248(AEX)15(s)-248(ar)8(e)-248(also)-247(dete)-7(ctable)-248(using)-248(appr)8(oaches)-248(pr)8(op)-7(ose)-7(d)-248(by)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 101.766 Tm (Chen)Tj /T1_2 8.966 Tf 21.914 0 Td [(et)-271(al.)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 19.915 0 Td ([)Tj 1 0 0 1 363.876 101.766 Tm (15)Tj 1.02 0 0 1 372.215 101.766 Tm [(],)-271(as)-271(the)-271(e)7(xe)-7(cution)-271(time)-271(b)-10(etw)8(e)-7(en)-271(tw)8(o)-271(basic)-271(blo)-7(cks)]TJ 1 0 0 1 317.955 90.808 Tm [(can)-250(b)-10(e)-250(much)-250(longer)59(.)]TJ -14.04 -18.081 Td (5)Tj ET /QITE_maskingtape BMC 1 g 293.8 38.45 26.35 42.95 re f EMC /Artifact <>BDC q 1 0 0 1 54 755.4614258 cm 0 g /GS0 gs /Fm0 Do Q EMC /Artifact <>BDC q 1 0 0 1 355.0029907 755.4614258 cm 0 g /GS0 gs /Fm1 Do Q EMC /Artifact <>BDC q 1 0 0 1 297.8215027 38.5740509 cm 0 g /GS0 gs /Fm2 Do Q EMC endstream endobj 19 0 obj <>stream /
Session K4: Secure Enclaves
CCS’17, October 30-November 3, 2017, Dallas, TX, USA
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[(T)64(o)-171(attack)-170(the)-171(virtual)-171(memor)-15(y)60(,)-171(a)-171(page-fault)-171(side-channel)-171(attacker)-171(\033rst)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 508.248 Tm [(r)8(estricts)-252(access)-251(to)-252(all)-252(pages,)-251(which)-252(induces)-252(page)-251(faults)-252(whene)7(v)8(er)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 497.289 Tm [(the)-250(enclav)8(e)-250(pr)8(o)-7(cess)-250(touches)-250(any)-250(of)-250(these)-250(pages,)-250(ther)8(eby)-250(generating)]TJ 1.003 0 0 1 53.798 486.331 Tm [(a)-249(se)-7(quence)-248(of)-249(its)-249(page)-249(visits.)-248(A)-249(pr)8(oblem)-249(her)8(e)-249(is)-248(that)-249(this)-249(appr)8(oach)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 475.372 Tm [(is)-306(heav)-15(y)-14(w)7(eight,)-306(causing)-306(an)-306(interrupt)-306(for)-305(each)-306(page)-306(access.)-307(This)]TJ 0 -10.959 TD [(often)-282(leads)-281(to)-282(a)-282(p)-6(erformance)-282(slo)7(w)8(do)6(wn)-281(by)-282(one)-282(or)-281(tw)8(o)-282(or)8(ders)-282(of)]TJ T* [(magnitude)-276([)]TJ 1 0 0 1 99.456 453.454 Tm (43)Tj 1.02 0 0 1 107.794 453.454 Tm [(].)-276(A)11(s)-276(a)-276(r)8(esult,)-276(such)-277(an)-276(attack)-276(could)-276(b)-10(e)-276(dete)-7(cte)-7(d)-276(by)]TJ 1.01 0 0 1 53.798 442.495 Tm [(lo)-7(oking)-246(at)-247(its)-246(e)7(xtr)8(emely)-247(high)-246(fr)8(e)-7(quency)-246(of)-247(page)-246(faults)-247(\(i.e)10(.,)-246(AEX)15(s\))]TJ 1.005 0 0 1 53.798 431.536 Tm [(and)-249(anomalously)-250(lo)7(w)-249(p)-7(erformance)-249(obser)-15(v)8(e)-7(d)-250(fr)8(om)-249(the)-249(r)8(emote)10(.)-250(All)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 420.577 Tm [(e)7(xisting)-258(solutions,)-257(e)7(xcept)-258(those)-258(r)8(e)-7(quiring)-257(har)8(dwar)8(e)-258(changes,)-258(ar)8(e)]TJ 1.009 0 0 1 53.798 409.618 Tm [(either)-249(le)7(v)8(eraging)-249(interrupts)-248(or)-249(tr)-15(ying)-248(to)-249(r)8(emo)7(v)8(e)-249(the)-249(page)-248(trace)-249(of)]TJ 1.014 0 0 1 53.798 398.659 Tm [(a)-246(pr)7(ogram)-246(\()17(e)10(.g.,)-247(putting)-246(all)-247(the)-246(co)-7(de)-246(on)-247(one)-246(page\).)-247(Little)-246(has)-246(b)-10(e)-7(en)]TJ 1 0 0 1 53.798 387.7 Tm [(done)-250(to)-250(question)-250(whether)-250(such)-250(defense)-250(is)-250(su\034cient.)]TJ 0.984 0 0 1 63.761 376.742 Tm [(T)64(o)-254(sho)7(w)-254(that)-254(e)7(xcessiv)8(e)-254(AEX)15(s)-254(ar)8(e)-254(not)-254(the)-254(ne)-7(cessar)-15(y)-254(condition)-255(to)]TJ 0.997 0 0 1 53.798 365.783 Tm [(conducting)-252(memor)-15(y)-252(side-channel)-252(attack,)-252(in)-252(this)-251(se)-7(ction,)-252(w)8(e)-252(elab)-10(o-)]TJ 1.004 0 0 1 53.798 354.824 Tm [(rate)-250(sneaky)-250(page)-250(monitoring)-251(\(SPM\),)-250(a)-250(ne)7(w)-250(paging)-250(attack)-250(that)-250(can)]TJ 1 0 0 1 53.798 343.865 Tm [(achie)7(v)8(e)-250(comparable)-250(e\035e)-7(ctiv)8(eness)-250(with)-250(much)-250(less)-250(fr)8(e)-7(quent)-250(AEX)15(s.)]TJ /T1_0 10.909 Tf 0 -22.602 TD [(4.1)-1000(The)-250(Thr)8(e)-7(e)-250(SPM)-250(Attacks)-250(\(V)80(e)-7(ctor)-250(4\))]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 307.565 Tm [(In)-308(this)-308(se)-6(ction,)-308(w)8(e)-308(intr)8(o)-7(duce)-308(thr)8(e)-7(e)-308(typ)-7(es)-307(of)-308(SPM)-308(attacks,)-308(which)]TJ 1.01 0 0 1 53.798 296.606 Tm [(monitor)-247(the)-246(page)-247(table)-247(entries)-246(and)-247(e)7(xploit)-247(di\035er)8(ent)-246(te)-7(chniques)-247(to)]TJ 1 0 0 1 53.798 285.647 Tm [(\036ush)-250(TLBs.)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 0 -13.948 TD [(B-SPM:)-329(A)12(ccesse)-7(d)-330(F)-12(lags)-329(Monitoring.)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 200.907 271.699 Tm [(The)-323(SPM)-323(attack)-322(manipu-)]TJ -144.225 -10.959 Td [(lates)-286(and)-285(monitors)-286(the)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 85.28 0 Td [(accesse)-7(d)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 32.372 0 Td [(\036ags)-286(on)-285(the)-286(pages)-285(of)-286(an)-285(enclav)8(e)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 249.781 Tm [(pr)8(o)-7(cess)-220(to)-219(identify)-220(its)-220(e)7(xe)-7(cution)-220(trace)10(.)-219(Sp)-8(e)-7(ci\033cally)60(,)-219(w)8(e)-220(run)-220(a)-219(system-)]TJ 1.006 0 0 1 53.798 238.823 Tm [(le)7(v)8(el)-249(attack)-250(pr)8(o)-7(cess)-249(outside)-250(an)-249(enclav)8(e)-249(to)-250(r)8(ep)-7(eate)-7(dly)-249(insp)-7(e)-7(ct)-249(each)]TJ 1.008 0 0 1 53.798 227.864 Tm [(page)-248(table)-248(entr)-15(y's)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 67.328 0 Td [(accesse)-7(d)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 32.042 0 Td [(\036ag,)-248(r)8(e)-7(cor)8(d)-248(when)-248(it)-248(is)-248(set)-248(\(fr)8(om)-248(0)-248(to)-249(1\))]TJ 0.998 0 0 1 53.798 216.905 Tm [(and)-250(r)8(eset)-250(it)-249(once)-250(this)-250(happ)-7(ens.)-250(The)-250(page-access)-249(trace)-250(r)8(e)-7(co)7(v)8(er)8(e)-7(d)-250(in)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 205.946 Tm [(this)-205(way)-205(is)-205(a)-206(se)-7(quence)-205(of)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 90.909 0 Td [(page)-205(sets)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf [(,)-205(each)-205(of)-205(which)-206(is)-205(a)-205(gr)8(oup)-205(of)-205(pages)]TJ 0.99 0 0 1 53.574 194.987 Tm [(visite)-7(d)-253(\()17(with)-253(their)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 67.798 0 Td [(accesse)-7(d)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 32.098 0 Td [(\036ags)-253(set)-253(to)-253(1\))-254(b)-10(etw)8(e)-7(en)-253(tw)8(o)-253(conse)-7(cutiv)8(e)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 184.028 Tm [(insp)-7(e)-7(ctions.)-244(This)-245(attack)-245(is)-244(lightw)7(eight)-244(since)-245(it)-245(do)-6(es)-245(not)-245(ne)-7(e)-7(d)-244(any)]TJ 1 0 0 1 53.484 173.069 Tm [(AEX)-250(to)-250(obser)-15(v)8(e)-250(the)-250(pages)-250(\033rst)-250(time)-250(when)-250(the)7(y)-250(ar)8(e)-250(visite)-7(d.)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 63.761 162.11 Tm [(Ho)7(w)8(e)7(v)7(er)58(,)-250(as)-251(mentione)-7(d)-250(earlier)58(,)-251(after)-250(a)-251(virtual)-250(addr)8(ess)-251(is)-250(trans-)]TJ 0.986 0 0 1 53.798 151.151 Tm [(late)-7(d,)-254(its)-255(page)-254(numb)-10(er)-255(is)-254(automatically)-254(adde)-7(d)-255(to)-254(a)-254(TLB.)-255(A)12(s)-254(a)-254(r)8(esult,)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 140.192 Tm (the)Tj /T1_2 8.966 Tf 13.878 0 Td [(accesse)-7(d)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 32.047 0 Td [(\036ag)-247(of)-246(that)-247(page)-247(will)-247(not)-246(b)-11(e)-246(set)-247(again)-247(when)-247(the)-246(page)-247(is)]TJ 1.004 0 0 1 53.574 129.233 Tm [(visite)-7(d)-249(later)58(.)-249(T)63(o)-249(for)7(ce)-249(the)-249(pr)8(o)-7(cessor)-250(to)-249(access)-249(the)-250(PTE)-249(\()12(and)-249(up)-7(date)]TJ 1.014 0 0 1 53.798 118.275 Tm [(the)-246(\036ag\),)-247(the)-246(attacker)-247(has)-246(to)-247(invalidate)-246(the)-246(TLB)-247(entr)-15(y)-246(pr)8(oactiv)8(ely)58(.)]TJ 1.017 0 0 1 53.529 107.316 Tm [(The)-246(simplest)-246(way)-246(to)-246(do)-246(so)-246(is)-246(by)-246(generating)-246(an)-246(inter-pr)8(o)-7(cessor)-246(in-)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 96.357 Tm [(terrupt)-252(\(IPI\))-252(fr)9(om)-252(a)-252(di\035er)8(ent)-252(CP)-50(U)-251(cor)8(e)-252(to)-252(trigger)-252(a)-251(TLB)-252(sho)-7(otdo)7(wn,)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.467 85.398 Tm [(which)-311(causes)-311(an)-311(AEX)-311(fr)7(om)-311(the)-311(enclav)8(e)10(,)-311(r)7(esulting)-311(in)-311(\036ushing)-311(of)]TJ ET q 0.4746704 0 0 0.4746704 174.8999634 617.2920074 cm /Fm1 Do Q BT /T1_0 8.966 Tf 317.955 607.139 Td [(Figur)8(e)-379(3:)-379(An)-379(e)7(xample)-379(of)-379(se)-7(cr)8(et-dep)-7(endent)-378(branch)-379(leaking)]TJ 0 -10.959 TD [(timing)-250(information.)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 0.995 0 0 1 317.955 562.57 Tm [(all)-251(TLB)-251(entries)-252(of)-251(the)-251(curr)8(ent)-251(PCID)29(.)-251(Figur)8(e)-252(2)-251(illustrates)-251(this)-251(attack,)]TJ 1 0 0 1 317.623 551.611 Tm [(which)-250(w)8(e)-250(call)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 52.642 0 Td [(basic)-250(SPM)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 38.636 0 Td (or)Tj /T1_2 8.966 Tf 10.096 0 Td (B-SPM)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf (.)Tj 1.004 0 0 1 327.918 540.652 Tm [(This)-248(B-SPM)-248(attack)-248(still)-248(inv)8(olv)8(es)-248(interrupts)-248(but)-248(is)-249(alr)8(eady)-248(much)]TJ 1.002 0 0 1 317.955 529.693 Tm [(mor)8(e)-250(lightw)8(eight)-250(than)-250(the)-249(page-fault)-250(attack:)-250(TLB)-250(sho)-7(otdo)7(wns)-250(ar)8(e)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 518.734 Tm [(typically)-256(less)-257(e)8(xp)-8(ensiv)9(e)-257(than)-256(page)-256(faults;)-257(mor)9(e)-257(imp)-7(ortantly)60(,)-256(B-SPM)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 507.775 Tm [(only)-320(triggers)-319(interrupts)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 89.917 0 Td [(when)-320(visiting)-319(the)-320(same)-320(page)-320(ne)-6(e)-7(ds)-320(to)-320(b)-10(e)]TJ -89.917 -10.959 Td [(obser)-15(v)8(e)-7(d)-286(again)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 53.265 0 Td [(,)-286(while)-286(the)-285(latter)-286(ne)-7(e)-7(ds)-286(to)-286(trigger)-285(an)-286(interrupt)-286(for)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 317.955 485.858 Tm [(e)7(v)8(er)-15(y)-250(\(ne)7(w)17(\))-250(page)-250(access)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf (.)Tj 0.99 0 0 1 327.918 474.899 Tm [(In)-252(terms)-252(of)-253(accuracy)60(,)-252(the)-253(page-fault)-252(attack)-252(tends)-252(to)-253(hav)8(e)-252(a)-252(\033ner-)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 463.94 Tm [(graine)-7(d)-251(obser)-15(vation)-251(while)-251(B-SPM)-252(attack)-251(cannot)-251(di\035er)8(entiate)-252(the)]TJ 0.987 0 0 1 317.731 452.981 Tm [(visiting)-252(or)8(der)-252(of)-253(tw)9(o)-253(pages)-252(that)-252(ar)8(e)-252(sp)-7(otte)-8(d)-252(during)-252(the)-252(same)-252(r)8(ound)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 442.022 Tm [(of)-203(insp)-7(e)-7(ctions.)-204(Ho)7(w)8(e)8(v)8(er)-203(B-SPM)-203(attack)-204(st)1(riv)8(es)-203(for)-204(a)-203(balance)-203(b)-10(etw)8(e)-7(en)]TJ 1 0 0 1 317.955 431.063 Tm [(the)-250(interrupt)-250(rate)-250(and)-250(attack)-250(r)8(esolutions.)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf -0.296 -13.948 Td [(T)59(-SPM:)-372(Timing)-373(enhancement.)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 443.932 417.115 Tm [(When)-365(r)8(ep)-7(eate)-7(d)-365(visits)-365(to)-365(same)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 406.156 Tm [(pages)-244(b)-10(e)-8(come)-244(a)-244(salient)-244(featur)8(e)-244(for)-244(an)-245(input,)-244(the)-244(basic)-244(SPM)-244(ne)-8(e)-7(ds)-244(to)]TJ 0 -10.958 TD [(issue)-212(mor)9(e)-212(TLB)-211(sho)-8(otdo)8(wns)-212(in)-212(or)9(der)-212(to)-211(obser)-16(v)8(e)-211(the)-212(featur)8(e)11(,)-212(making)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 384.239 Tm [(the)-307(attack)-306(obser)-15(vable)-306(to)-307(the)-307(e)7(xisting)-306(pr)8(ote)-7(ctions)-307(that)-306(dete)-7(ct)-307(the)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 373.28 Tm [(anomalous)-206(interrupt)-207(rate)-206([)]TJ 1 0 0 1 411.909 373.28 Tm (15)Tj 0.98 0 0 1 420.247 373.28 Tm (,)Tj 1 0 0 1 423.994 373.28 Tm (38)Tj 0.98 0 0 1 432.333 373.28 Tm [(].)-207(Figur)8(e)-206(3)-206(illustrates)-207(an)-206(e)7(xample)10(,)-206(in)]TJ 1.003 0 0 1 317.623 362.321 Tm [(which)-248(the)-248(se)-7(cr)8(et-dep)-7(endent)-249(co)-7(de)-248(r)8(esides)-248(in)-248(the)-248(same)-249(page)10(,)-248(e)7(xcept)]TJ 1.005 0 0 1 317.955 351.362 Tm [(that)-249(the)-250(e)7(xe)-7(cution)-249(on)-249(one)-250(condition)-249(inv)8(olv)8(es)-249(a)-250(lo)-7(op)-249(while)-250(th)1(a)-1(t)-249(on)]TJ 0.986 0 0 1 317.955 340.403 Tm [(the)-254(other)-254(do)-7(es)-254(not,)-254(leading)-254(to)-254(di\035er)8(ent)-254(e)7(xe)-7(cution)-254(time)10(.)-254(In)-254(this)-254(case)10(,)]TJ 1.009 0 0 1 317.686 329.444 Tm [(TLB)-248(sho)-7(otdo)7(wns)-249(during)-248(the)-249(e)7(xe)-7(cution)-248(of)-248(the)-249(lo)-7(op)-248(ar)8(e)-248(r)7(e)-6(quir)7(e)-6(d)-249(to)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 318.485 Tm [(distinguish)-307(tw)8(o)-306(branches)-307(using)-306(page)-307(visit)-307(traces)-306(\(i.e)10(.)-307(numb)-10(er)-307(of)]TJ 0.989 0 0 1 317.955 307.526 Tm [(page)-254(visits\).)-254(T)64(o)-254(r)8(e)-7(duce)-254(the)-254(numb)-10(er)-254(of)-254(the)-254(interrupts,)-254(w)9(e)-254(le)7(v)8(erage)-254(a)]TJ 1.01 0 0 1 317.955 296.567 Tm [(timing)-246(channel)-247(to)-246(enhance)-247(SPM,)-246(making)-247(it)-246(stealthier)58(.)-246(Sp)-7(e)-7(ci\033cally)58(,)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 285.608 Tm [(giv)8(en)-274(a)-273(co)-7(de)-273(fragment)-274(with)-273(a)-274(unique)-273(entr)-15(y)-274(page)]TJ /T1_3 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 501.35 285.608 Tm (\013)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 509.419 285.608 Tm [(and)-273(a)-274(unique)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 274.65 Tm [(e)7(xit)-240(page)]TJ /T1_3 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 352.498 274.65 Tm (\f)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 0.98 0 0 1 357.492 274.65 Tm [(,)-241(together)-240(with)-241(multiple)-240(input-dep)-7(endent)-241(paths)-240(b)-11(etw)9(e)-7(en)]TJ -40.344 -10.959 Td [(the)-223(tw)8(o)-224(p)-7(oints)-223(on)-223(di\035er)8(ent)-224(pages,)-223(our)-223(timing-enhance)-7(d)-224(SPM)-223(\()17(calle)-7(d)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 1.015 0 0 1 317.955 252.732 Tm [(T)58(-SPM)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 23.714 0 Td [(\))-248(continuously)-247(monitors)]TJ /T1_3 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 433.426 252.732 Tm (\013)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.015 0 0 1 441.247 252.732 Tm (and)Tj /T1_3 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 457.287 252.732 Tm (\f)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.015 0 0 1 462.281 252.732 Tm [(,)-248(measuring)-247(the)-248(e)7(xe)-7(cution)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 241.773 Tm [(time)-246(b)-10(etw)8(e)-7(en)-246(these)-246(tw)8(o)-246(p)-7(oints,)-246(and)-245(once)-246(the)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 165.272 0 Td [(accesse)-7(d)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 32.017 0 Td [(\036ag)-246(of)]TJ /T1_3 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 544.913 241.773 Tm (\f)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 552.156 241.773 Tm (is)Tj -229.609 -10.959 Td [(found)-279(to)-278(b)-10(e)-279(set,)-278(\036ushes)-279(the)-279(TLB)-278(and)-279(r)8(esets)-279(the)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 173.342 0 Td [(accesse)-7(d)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 32.309 0 Td [(\036ags)-279(for)]TJ 1.014 0 0 1 317.955 219.855 Tm [(b)-10(oth)-247(PTEs.)-247(The)-247(timing)-247(r)8(e)-7(cor)8(de)-7(d)-247(is)-248(then)-247(use)-7(d)-247(to)-247(infer)-247(the)-247(input)-247(of)]TJ 1 0 0 1 317.955 208.896 Tm [(the)-250(co)-7(de)-250(fragment.)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 327.918 197.937 Tm [(This)-267(simple)-266(appr)8(oach)-267(av)8(oids)-267(all)-267(the)-266(interrupts)-267(b)-10(etw)8(e)-7(en)]TJ /T1_3 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 536.43 197.937 Tm (\013)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 544.437 197.937 Tm (and)Tj /T1_3 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 318.045 186.978 Tm (\f)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 323.039 186.978 Tm [(,)-302(but)-302(still)-302(r)8(e)7(v)8(eals)-302(the)-302(p)-7(ossible)-302(e)7(xe)-7(cution)-302(path)-302(conne)-7(cting)-302(them.)]TJ -4.984 -10.959 Td [(In)-254(the)-254(e)7(xtr)7(eme)-254(case)10(,)-254(when)-254(all)-255(other)-254(co)-7(de)-254(stays)-254(on)-254(the)-254(same)-254(page)9(,)]TJ T* [(as)-364(pr)8(op)-7(ose)-7(d)-364(by)-365(the)-364(prior)-364(r)8(esear)8(ch)-365([)]TJ 1 0 0 1 454.571 165.061 Tm (39)Tj 1.02 0 0 1 462.91 165.061 Tm [(])-364(to)-364(defend)-365(against)-364(page-)]TJ 0.997 0 0 1 317.955 154.102 Tm [(fault)-252(attacks,)-252(T)59(-SPM)-252(can)-252(still)-252(infer)-252(sensitiv)8(e)-253(information)-252(when)-252(the)]TJ 1 0 0 1 317.955 143.143 Tm [(op)-7(erations)-250(on)-250(them)-250(take)-250(di\035er)8(ent)-250(time)-250(to)-250(complete)10(.)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 0 -13.948 TD [(H)-37(T)59(-SPM:)-202(TLB)-201(F)-12(lushing)-201(thr)8(ough)-202(Hyp)-7(er)39(Thr)8(eading.)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 0.98 0 0 1 519.078 129.195 Tm [(Further)-206(w)9(e)]TJ 0.995 0 0 1 317.955 118.236 Tm [(found)-252(that)-252(when)-252(Hyp)-7(er)39(Thr)8(eading)-252(is)-251(turne)-7(d)-252(on)-252(for)-252(a)-252(pr)8(o)-7(cessor)59(,)-252(w)8(e)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 107.277 Tm [(can)-323(clear)-323(up)-323(the)-322(TLBs)-323(without)-323(issuing)-323(TLB)-323(sho)-7(otdo)7(wns,)-323(which)]TJ 1.01 0 0 1 317.955 96.318 Tm [(r)8(enders)-249(all)-250(e)7(xisting)-249(interrupt-base)-7(d)-249(pr)7(ote)-6(ction)-250(ine\035e)-7(ctiv)8(e)10(.)-249(Hyp)-7(er-)]TJ 1.005 0 0 1 317.686 85.359 Tm [(Thr)8(eading)-248(runs)-249(tw)8(o)-248(virtual)-248(cor)8(es)-248(on)-249(a)-248(physical)-248(cor)8(e)-248(to)-248(handle)-249(the)]TJ 1 0 0 1 303.915 72.727 Tm (6)Tj ET /QITE_maskingtape BMC 1 g 293.8 38.45 26.35 42.95 re f EMC /Artifact <>BDC q 1 0 0 1 54 755.4614258 cm 0 g /GS0 gs /Fm2 Do Q EMC /Artifact <>BDC q 1 0 0 1 355.0029907 755.4614258 cm 0 g /GS0 gs /Fm3 Do Q EMC /Artifact <>BDC q 1 0 0 1 297.8215027 38.5740509 cm 0 g /GS0 gs /Fm4 Do Q EMC endstream endobj 24 0 obj <>stream hTOo0 |7@ )RuhvtHk@)=/N;s_H/ $4{ QRJUY] |K[Uz\j"I[ebGLNP)jȘLA 9~vV)'RR3Ť39 ( Mc╘,h[:n@-Uր֠iQ2Y U6[g9T2V}-uJd).R9HR:&P.&gL:͝C&dk&ua$? 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Session K4: Secure Enclaves
CCS’17, October 30-November 3, 2017, Dallas, TX, USA
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562.129 Tm [(w)8(orkloads)-253(fr)8(om)-253(tw)8(o)-253(di\035er)8(ent)-253(OS)-253(pr)8(o)-7(cesses.)-253(This)-253(r)8(esour)8(ce-sharing)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 551.17 Tm [(is)-246(transpar)8(ent)-246(to)-246(the)-247(OS)-246(and)-246(ther)8(efor)8(e)-246(do)-7(es)-246(not)-246(trigger)-246(any)-246(inter-)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 540.211 Tm [(rupt.)-248(The)-248(pr)8(o)-7(cesses)-248(running)-248(on)-248(the)-248(tw)8(o)-248(virtual)-247(cor)8(es)-248(shar)8(e)-248(some)-248(of)]TJ 1.018 0 0 1 53.798 529.252 Tm [(the)-247(TLBs,)-246(which)-247(allo)7(ws)-246(the)-247(attacker)-247(to)-246(r)8(emo)7(v)7(e)-246(some)-247(TLB)-246(entries)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 518.293 Tm [(outside)-290(the)-290(enclav)7(e)10(,)-290(without)-290(causing)-290(any)-290(interrupts.)-291(A)12(s)-290(a)-290(r)7(esult,)]TJ 1.008 0 0 1 53.798 507.334 Tm [(in)-248(the)-249(pr)8(esence)-248(of)-249(Hyp)-7(er)39(Thr)8(eading,)-248(w)8(e)-249(can)-248(run)-249(an)-248(attack)-249(pr)8(o)-7(cess)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 496.375 Tm [(together)-243(with)-242(an)-243(enclav)8(e)-242(pr)8(o)-7(cess,)-243(to)-242(continuously)-243(pr)8(ob)-10(e)-242(the)-243(virtual)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 485.416 Tm [(addr)8(esses)-327(in)-327(con\036ict)-327(with)-327(the)-327(TLB)-326(entries)-327(the)-327(latter)-327(uses,)-327(in)-327(an)]TJ 0.997 0 0 1 53.798 474.458 Tm [(attempt)-251(to)-252(e)7(vict)-251(these)-251(entries)-251(and)-252(for)8(ce)-251(the)-251(victim)-251(pr)8(o)-7(cess)-252(to)-251(walk)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 463.499 Tm [(its)-285(page)-285(tables.)-285(Using)-285(this)-285(te)-7(chnique)10(,)-285(which)-285(w)8(e)-285(call)]TJ /T1_4 8.966 Tf 190.915 0 Td [(H)-36(T)58(-SPM)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf [(,)-285(w)8(e)]TJ 0.983 0 0 1 53.798 452.54 Tm [(can)-254(r)8(emo)7(v)8(e)-254(most)-255(or)-254(e)7(v)8(en)-254(eliminate)-254(the)-255(interrupts)-254(during)-254(an)-255(attack.)]TJ /T1_0 10.909 Tf 1 0 0 1 53.798 430.548 Tm [(4.2)-1000(Evaluation)-250(of)-250(E\035e)-7(ctiv)8(eness)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 416.849 Tm [(Our)-177(analysis)-178(was)-177(p)-7(erforme)-8(d)-177(on)-177(an)-178(Dell)-177(Optiple)7(x)-178(7040)-177(with)-178(a)-177(Skylake)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 405.89 Tm [(i7-6700)-273(pr)8(o)-7(cessor)-272(and)-273(4)-272(physical)-273(cor)8(es,)-272(with)-273(16GB)-272(memor)-15(y)58(.)-273(The)]TJ 0 -10.959 TD [(con\033guration)-364(of)-363(the)-364(cache)-364(and)-363(memor)-15(y)-364(hierar)8(chy)-363(is)-364(sho)7(wn)-364(in)]TJ -0.264 -10.959 Td [(T)48(able)-336(1.)-336(It)-336(runs)-335(Ubuntu)-336(16.04)-336(with)-335(kernel)-336(v)8(ersion)-336(4.2.8.)-336(During)]TJ 1.015 0 0 1 53.798 373.013 Tm [(our)-245(e)7(xp)-7(eriments,)-246(w)8(e)-245(patche)-7(d)-245(the)-245(OS)-246(when)-245(ne)-7(cessar)-15(y)-245(to)-245(facilitate)]TJ 0.996 0 0 1 53.798 362.055 Tm [(the)-251(attacks,)-250(as)-251(an)-250(OS-le)7(v)8(el)-251(adv)8(ersar)-15(y)-250(w)8(ould)-251(do)10(.)-250(W)80(e)-251(use)-7(d)-250(the)-251(latest)]TJ 1.008 0 0 1 53.798 351.096 Tm [(Graphene-SGX)-247(Librar)-15(y)-248(OS)-247([)]TJ 1 0 0 1 157.584 351.096 Tm (5)Tj 1.008 0 0 1 161.753 351.096 Tm (,)Tj 1 0 0 1 165.978 351.096 Tm (41)Tj 1.008 0 0 1 174.317 351.096 Tm [(])-247(compile)-7(d)-248(using)-247(GCC)-248(5.4.0)-247(with)]TJ 1 0 0 1 53.798 340.137 Tm [(default)-250(compiling)-250(options)-250(to)-250(p)-7(ort)-250(unmo)-7(di\033e)-7(d)-250(libraries.)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 0 -13.948 TD [(B-SPM)-303(on)-302(Hunsp)-7(ell.)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 139.273 326.189 Tm [(Hunsp)-7(ell)-296(is)-297(a)-297(p)-7(opular)-296(sp)-7(ell)-297(che)-6(cking)-297(to)-7(ol)]TJ 0.999 0 0 1 53.798 315.23 Tm [(use)-7(d)-251(by)-250(softwar)8(e)-251(packages)-251(like)-251(Apple)24('s)-250(OS)-251(X)-251(and)-250(Go)-7(ogle)-251(Chr)8(ome)10(.)]TJ 0.985 0 0 1 53.798 304.271 Tm [(It)-254(stor)8(es)-254(a)-254(dictionar)-15(y)-254(in)-254(a)-254(hash)-254(table)10(,)-254(which)-254(uses)-254(linke)-7(d)-254(lists)-254(to)-254(link)]TJ 0.986 0 0 1 53.798 293.312 Tm [(the)-253(w)8(or)8(ds)-253(with)-253(the)-253(same)-253(hash)-253(values.)-253(Each)-253(linke)-7(d)-254(list)-253(spans)-253(acr)8(oss)]TJ 1.019 0 0 1 53.798 282.353 Tm [(multiple)-245(pages,)-246(so)-245(sear)8(ching)-245(for)-246(a)-245(w)8(or)8(d)-246(often)-245(generates)-245(a)-246(unique)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 271.395 Tm [(page-visit)-186(se)-7(quence)10(.)-186(Prior)-186(study)-185([)]TJ 1 0 0 1 171.328 271.395 Tm (43)Tj 0.98 0 0 1 179.667 271.395 Tm [(])-186(sho)7(ws)-185(that)-186(by)-186(monitoring)-186(page)]TJ -128.438 -10.959 Td [(faults,)-208(the)-207(attacker)-208(outside)-208(an)-208(enclav)9(e)-208(can)-208(\033ngerprint)-207(the)-208(dictionar)-15(y)]TJ 0 -10.959 TD [(lo)-7(okup)-234(function)-233(inside)-234(the)-233(enclav)8(e)10(,)-233(and)-234(further)-233(determine)-234(the)-233(w)8(or)8(d)]TJ 0.99 0 0 1 53.798 238.518 Tm [(b)-10(eing)-253(che)-7(cke)-8(d)-253(fr)8(om)-253(the)-253(se)-7(quence)-254(of)-253(accessing)-253(di\035er)8(ent)-253(data)-254(pages)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.529 227.559 Tm [(\(for)-215(storing)-215(the)-214(dictionar)-16(y)18(\).)-215(In)-215(our)-215(r)8(esear)8(ch,)-214(w)8(e)-215(e)7(valuate)-7(d)-215(B-SPM)-215(on)]TJ 0.994 0 0 1 53.798 216.6 Tm [(Hunsp)-7(ell)-252(1.3.3)-252(and)-252(found)-252(that)-252(the)-252(inv)8(o)-7(cation)-252(of)-252(its)]TJ /T1_5 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 238.688 216.6 Tm (spell)Tj /T1_2 8.966 Tf 0.994 0 0 1 263.35 216.6 Tm (function)Tj 1.02 0 0 1 53.529 205.641 Tm [(\()-12(lo)-7(oking)-299(up)-300(for)-300(one)-300(w)8(or)8(d\))-300(can)-299(b)-10(e)-300(determine)-7(d)-299(by)-300(the)-300(access)-299(of)-300(a)]TJ 0.264 -10.959 Td [(sp)-7(e)-7(ci\033c)-324(page)10(,)-324(which)-323(can)-324(b)-10(e)-324(r)8(eliably)-324(identi\033e)-7(d)-323(at)-324(the)-324(insp)-7(e)-7(ction)]TJ T* [(rate)-334(\(for)-334(an)-334(attack)-334(pr)8(o)-7(cess)-334(running)-334(on)-334(a)-334(separate)-335(co)1(r)7(e\))-334(of)-334(once)]TJ T* [(p)-7(er)-357(184)-357(CP)-48(U)-357(cy)7(cles.)-357(For)-358(simplicity)58(,)-357(our)-357(attack)-357(pr)7(o)-6(cess)-358(issues)-357(a)]TJ 0.998 0 0 1 53.529 161.805 Tm [(TLB)-249(sho)-7(otdo)7(wn)-250(once)-249(the)-249(function)-250(inv)8(o)-7(cation)-249(is)-249(disco)7(v)8(er)8(e)-7(d.)-250(In)-249(the)]TJ 0.27 -10.958 Td [(interrupt,)-250(the)-250(pr)8(o)-7(cess)-249(insp)-7(e)-7(cts)-250(the)-250(PTEs)-250(of)-249(pages)-250(b)-10(eing)-250(monitor)8(e)-7(d)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 139.888 Tm [(to)-253(identify)-254(the)-253(sear)8(che)-7(d)-253(w)8(or)8(d)-254(and)-253(r)8(esets)-253(their)]TJ /T1_4 8.966 Tf 168.797 0 Td [(accesse)-7(d)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 32.081 0 Td [(\036ags,)-253(and)]TJ 0.981 0 0 1 53.798 128.929 Tm [(then)-254(monitors)-255(the)-254(o)-7(ccurr)8(ence)-254(of)-254(the)-254(ne)7(xt)-255(function)-254(inv)8(o)-7(cation.)-254(This)]TJ 1 0 0 1 53.798 117.97 Tm [(appr)8(oach)-250(identi\033es)-250(all)-250(the)-250(iterativ)8(e)-250(lo)-7(okups)-250(for)-250(multiple)-250(w)8(or)8(ds.)]TJ 0.997 0 0 1 63.761 107.011 Tm [(Like)-251(the)-252(prior)-251(r)8(esear)8(ch)-251([)]TJ 1 0 0 1 152.203 107.011 Tm (43)Tj 0.997 0 0 1 160.541 107.011 Tm [(],)-251(w)8(e)-252(also)-251(e)7(valuate)-7(d)-251(our)-252(attack)-251(using)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 96.052 Tm (the)Tj /T1_5 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 67.161 96.052 Tm (en_US)Tj /T1_2 8.966 Tf 0.98 0 0 1 91.509 96.052 Tm [(Hunsp)-7(ell)-220(dictionar)-15(y)60(,)-220(as)-220(illustrate)-7(d)-219(in)-220(T)50(able)-220(2.)-220(T)64(o)-219(compar)8(e)]TJ 0.986 0 0 1 53.467 85.093 Tm [(with)-253(the)-253(page-fault)-253(attack,)-253(w)8(e)-253(r)8(e-implemente)-7(d)-253(it)-253(and)-253(ran)-253(it)-253(against)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 317.659 700.643 Tm [(T)49(able)-389(2:)-390(W)80(or)8(ds)-390(distribution)-389(in)-389(the)-390(en_US)-389(Hunsp)-7(ell)-389(dictio-)]TJ 0.296 -10.959 Td [(nar)-15(y)59(.)]TJ ET q 1 0 0 1 348.8269958 673.9429932 cm 0.996 w 0 0 m 176.759 0 l S Q BT /T1_0 6.974 Tf 353.809 663.88 Td [(gr)8(oup)-250(size)]TJ ET q 1 0 0 1 391.1459961 665.473999 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_0 6.974 Tf 396.326 667.866 Td [(Page-fault)-250(base)-7(d)]TJ ET q 1 0 0 1 453.447998 665.473999 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_0 6.974 Tf 458.628 667.866 Td [(A)12(ccesse)-7(d-\036ag)-250(base)-7(d)]TJ ET q 1 0 0 1 391.3450012 665.2749939 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 134.241 0 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 391.1459961 657.5039978 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_2 6.974 Tf 396.326 659.895 Td [(w)8(or)8(ds)]TJ ET q 1 0 0 1 418.9620056 657.5039978 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_2 6.974 Tf 433.984 659.895 Td (%)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 453.447998 657.5039978 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_2 6.974 Tf 458.628 659.895 Td [(w)8(or)8(ds)]TJ ET q 1 0 0 1 481.2640076 657.5039978 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_2 6.974 Tf 501.304 659.895 Td (%)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 348.8269958 657.2550049 cm 0.498 w 0 0 m 176.759 0 l S Q BT /T1_0 6.974 Tf 368.095 651.427 Td (1)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 391.1459961 649.0359955 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_2 6.974 Tf 396.947 651.427 Td (51599)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 418.9620056 649.0359955 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_2 6.974 Tf 428.952 651.427 Td (83.05)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 453.447998 649.0359955 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_2 6.974 Tf 459.249 651.427 Td (45649)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 481.2640076 649.0359955 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_2 6.974 Tf 496.272 651.427 Td (73.47)Tj /T1_0 6.974 Tf -128.177 -7.97 Td (2)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 391.1459961 641.0659943 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_2 6.974 Tf 398.568 643.457 Td (7586)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 418.9620056 641.0659943 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_2 6.974 Tf 428.952 643.457 Td (12.21)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 453.447998 641.0659943 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_2 6.974 Tf 460.87 643.457 Td (8524)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 481.2640076 641.0659943 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_2 6.974 Tf 496.272 643.457 Td (13.72)Tj /T1_0 6.974 Tf -128.177 -7.97 Td (3)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 391.1459961 633.095993 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_2 6.974 Tf 398.568 635.487 Td (2073)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 418.9620056 633.095993 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_2 6.974 Tf 430.574 635.487 Td (3.34)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 453.447998 633.095993 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_2 6.974 Tf 460.87 635.487 Td (3027)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 481.2640076 633.095993 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_2 6.974 Tf 497.894 635.487 Td (4.87)Tj /T1_0 6.974 Tf -129.799 -7.97 Td (4)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 391.1459961 625.1260071 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_2 6.974 Tf 400.19 627.517 Td (568)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 418.9620056 625.1260071 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_2 6.974 Tf 430.574 627.517 Td (0.91)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 453.447998 625.1260071 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_2 6.974 Tf 460.87 627.517 Td (1596)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 481.2640076 625.1260071 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_2 6.974 Tf 497.894 627.517 Td (2.57)Tj /T1_0 6.974 Tf -129.799 -7.97 Td (5)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 391.1459961 617.1560059 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_2 6.974 Tf 400.19 619.547 Td (200)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 418.9620056 617.1560059 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_2 6.974 Tf 430.574 619.547 Td (0.32)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 453.447998 617.1560059 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_2 6.974 Tf 462.492 619.547 Td (980)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 481.2640076 617.1560059 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_2 6.974 Tf 497.894 619.547 Td (1.58)Tj /T1_0 6.974 Tf -129.799 -7.97 Td (6)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 391.1459961 609.1860046 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_2 6.974 Tf 401.811 611.577 Td (60)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 418.9620056 609.1860046 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_2 6.974 Tf 430.574 611.577 Td (0.10)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 453.447998 609.1860046 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_2 6.974 Tf 462.492 611.577 Td (810)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 481.2640076 609.1860046 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_2 6.974 Tf 497.894 611.577 Td (1.30)Tj /T1_0 6.974 Tf -129.799 -7.971 Td (7)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 391.1459961 601.2149963 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_2 6.974 Tf 401.811 603.606 Td (35)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 418.9620056 601.2149963 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_2 6.974 Tf 430.574 603.606 Td (0.06)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 453.447998 601.2149963 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_2 6.974 Tf 462.492 603.606 Td (476)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 481.2640076 601.2149963 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_2 6.974 Tf 497.894 603.606 Td (0.77)Tj /T1_0 6.974 Tf -129.799 -7.97 Td (8)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 391.1459961 593.2449951 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_2 6.974 Tf 403.432 595.636 Td (8)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 418.9620056 593.2449951 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_2 6.974 Tf 430.574 595.636 Td (0.01)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 453.447998 593.2449951 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_2 6.974 Tf 462.492 595.636 Td (448)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 481.2640076 593.2449951 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_2 6.974 Tf 497.894 595.636 Td (0.72)Tj /T1_0 6.974 Tf -129.799 -7.97 Td (9)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 391.1459961 585.2749939 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_2 6.974 Tf 403.432 587.666 Td (0)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 418.9620056 585.2749939 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_2 6.974 Tf 434.584 587.666 Td (0)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 453.447998 585.2749939 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_2 6.974 Tf 462.492 587.666 Td (306)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 481.2640076 585.2749939 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_2 6.974 Tf 497.894 587.666 Td (0.49)Tj /T1_0 6.974 Tf -131.592 -7.97 Td (10)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 391.1459961 577.3049927 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_2 6.974 Tf 403.432 579.696 Td (0)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 418.9620056 577.3049927 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_2 6.974 Tf 434.584 579.696 Td (0)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 453.447998 577.3049927 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_2 6.974 Tf 462.492 579.696 Td (140)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 481.2640076 577.3049927 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_2 6.974 Tf 497.894 579.696 Td (0.23)Tj /T1_0 6.974 Tf -134.249 -7.97 Td [(>)-250(10)]TJ ET q 1 0 0 1 391.1459961 569.3350067 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_2 6.974 Tf 403.432 571.726 Td (0)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 418.9620056 569.3350067 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_2 6.974 Tf 434.584 571.726 Td (0)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 453.447998 569.3350067 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_2 6.974 Tf 462.492 571.726 Td (173)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 481.2640076 569.3350067 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_2 6.974 Tf 497.894 571.726 Td (0.28)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 348.8269958 568.8370056 cm 0.996 w 0 0 m 176.759 0 l S Q BT /T1_0 8.966 Tf 343.73 545.758 Td [(T)49(able)-250(3:)-250(Featur)8(es)-250(use)-7(d)-250(in)-250(Fr)8(e)-7(etyp)-7(e)-250(e)7(xp)-7(eriment.)]TJ ET q 1 0 0 1 362.2449951 530.0169983 cm 0.996 w 0 0 m 149.924 0 l S Q BT /T1_2 6.974 Tf 371.563 523.94 Td [(trigger)-250(page)]TJ ET q 1 0 0 1 415.6069946 521.2740021 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 8.245 l S Q BT /T1_2 6.974 Tf 447.257 523.94 Td (0x0005B000)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 362.2449951 521.0749969 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 149.924 0 l S Q BT /T1_6 7.273 Tf 373.852 499.356 Td (\013)Tj /T1_0 6.974 Tf 5.083 0 Td (-)Tj /T1_6 7.273 Tf 2.752 0 Td (\f)Tj /T1_0 6.974 Tf 6.325 0 Td (pairs)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 415.6069946 512.6300049 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 8.245 l S Q BT /T1_2 6.974 Tf 435.548 515.296 Td [(0005B000,)-250(0005B000)]TJ ET q 1 0 0 1 415.6069946 504.3849945 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 8.245 l S Q BT /T1_2 6.974 Tf 435.977 507.051 Td [(0005B000,)-250(00065000)]TJ ET q 1 0 0 1 415.6069946 496.1399994 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 8.245 l S Q BT /T1_2 6.974 Tf 435.656 498.806 Td [(0005B000,)-250(0005E000)]TJ ET q 1 0 0 1 415.6069946 487.8939972 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 8.245 l S Q BT /T1_2 6.974 Tf 436.406 490.561 Td [(00065000,)-250(00022000)]TJ ET q 1 0 0 1 415.6069946 479.6490021 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 8.245 l S Q BT /T1_2 6.974 Tf 436.085 482.315 Td [(0005E000,)-250(00018000)]TJ ET q 1 0 0 1 362.2449951 479.151001 cm 0.996 w 0 0 m 149.924 0 l S Q BT /T1_2 8.966 Tf 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 449.807 Tm [(the)-194(same)-193(data-set,)-194(whose)-193(r)8(esults)-194(ar)8(e)-193(sho)7(wn)-194(in)-193(T)50(able)-194(2.)-194(A)13(s)-194(w)8(e)-193(can)-194(se)-7(e)]TJ 1.01 0 0 1 317.955 438.849 Tm [(her)8(e)10(,)-247(the)-247(e\035e)-7(ctiv)8(eness)-247(of)-246(B-SPM)-247(is)-247(in)-247(line)-247(with)-246(that)-247(of)-247(the)-247(kno)7(wn)]TJ 1 0 0 1 317.955 427.89 Tm [(attack:)-251(e)10(.g.,)-252(the)-251(p)-7(er)8(centage)-251(of)-251(the)-252(uniquely-identi\033able)-251(w)8(or)8(ds)-251(\(i.e)10(.,)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 416.931 Tm [(gr)8(oup)-179(size)-179(1\))-180(is)-179(73.47%)-179(in)-180(our)-179(attack,)-179(a)-179(little)-180(b)-10(elo)7(w)-179(83.05%)-179(obser)-16(v)8(e)-7(d)-179(in)]TJ T* [(the)-251(p)1(age-fault)-251(attack;)-250(mor)8(e)-251(than)-250(92%)-251(of)-250(the)-251(w)8(or)9(ds)-251(ar)8(e)-250(in)-251(gr)9(oup)-251(size)]TJ T* [(less)-205(than)-205(or)-205(e)-7(qual)-205(to)-205(3,)-205(compar)8(e)-7(d)-205(with)-204(98.6%)-205(in)-205(the)-205(page-fault)-205(attack.)]TJ 0.989 0 0 1 317.525 384.054 Tm [(When)-254(it)-254(comes)-255(to)-254(p)-7(erformance)10(,)-254(ho)7(w)8(e)7(v)8(er)60(,)-254(B-SPM)-255(runs)-254(much)-254(faster:)]TJ 1.008 0 0 1 317.955 373.095 Tm [(for)-247(62,129)-247(w)8(or)8(d)-247(lo)-7(ok-ups)-247(it)-247(slo)7(w)8(e)-7(d)-247(do)7(wn)-247(the)-246(original)-247(pr)8(ogram)-247(by)]TJ 1.003 0 0 1 317.955 362.136 Tm [(a)-249(factor)-250(of)-249(5.1)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 367.925 362.136 Tm (\002)Tj /T1_2 8.966 Tf 1.003 0 0 1 373.627 362.136 Tm [(,)-249(while)-250(the)-249(e)7(xisting)-250(attack)-249(incurr)8(e)-7(d)-250(an)-249(o)7(v)8(erhead)-250(of)]TJ 0.997 0 0 1 317.749 351.177 Tm (1214.9)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 340.5 351.177 Tm (\002)Tj /T1_2 8.966 Tf 0.997 0 0 1 346.202 351.177 Tm [(.)-250(Note)-251(that)-250(the)-250(prior)-251(r)8(esear)8(ch)-250(r)8(ep)-7(orts)-250(a)-250(slo)7(w)8(do)7(wn)-251(of)-250(25.1)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 552.499 351.177 Tm (\002)Tj /T1_2 8.966 Tf 0.983 0 0 1 317.955 340.218 Tm [(for)-254(39,719)-255(w)8(or)9(d)-255(lo)-7(ok-ups)-254(o)7(v)8(er)-254(the)-255(SGX)-254(emulator)-254([)]TJ 1 0 0 1 497.939 340.218 Tm (43)Tj 0.983 0 0 1 506.278 340.218 Tm [(].)-254(In)-255(our)-254(study)60(,)]TJ 1 0 0 1 317.955 329.259 Tm [(ho)7(w)8(e)7(v)8(er)59(,)-250(w)8(e)-250(ran)-250(b)-10(oth)-250(e)7(xp)-7(eriments)-250(on)-250(the)]TJ /T1_4 8.966 Tf 154.482 0 Td [(r)8(eal)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 16.117 0 Td [(SGX)-250(platform.)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf -170.895 -13.947 Td [(T)59(-SPM)-250(on)-250(Fr)8(e)-7(e)49(T)49(yp)-7(e)10(.)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 0.991 0 0 1 400.672 315.312 Tm [(Fr)8(e)-7(e)49(T)50(yp)-7(e)-252(is)-253(a)-252(font)-252(librar)-16(y)-252(that)-252(conv)8(erts)-253(te)8(xt)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 304.353 Tm [(content)-249(\(the)-248(input\))-249(into)-249(images,)-248(which)-249(has)-248(b)-11(e)-7(en)-248(use)-8(d)-248(by)-249(Linux,)-248(An-)]TJ T* [(dr)8(oid)-238(and)-239(iOS)-238(and)-239(other)-238(softwar)8(e)-238(packages.)-239(In)-238(our)-239(r)9(esear)8(ch,)-239(w)8(e)-238(ran)]TJ 0.992 0 0 1 317.686 282.435 Tm [(T)59(-SPM)-252(on)-252(its)-252(T)20(rue)49(T)50(yp)-7(e)-252(font)-253(r)8(en)1(dering)-253(function,)-252(as)-252(did)-252(in)-252(the)-253(prior)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 271.476 Tm [(study)-324([)]TJ 1 0 0 1 344.826 271.476 Tm (43)Tj 1.02 0 0 1 353.165 271.476 Tm [(].)-325(The)-324(function,)]TJ /T1_5 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 415.309 271.476 Tm (TT_load_Glyph)Tj /T1_2 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 473.59 271.476 Tm [(,)-324(takes)-324(a)-324(letter's)-325(glyph)]TJ -152.583 -10.959 Td [(as)-288(its)-287(input)-288(to)-288(construct)-287(its)-288(bitmap)10(.)-288(The)-288(pr)1(ior)-288(study)-288(\033ngerprints)]TJ T* [(the)-316(start)-316(and)-316(the)-315(end)-316(of)-316(the)-316(function,)-316(and)-316(sele)-6(cts)-316(a)-316(set)-316(of)-316(pages)]TJ 1.004 0 0 1 317.955 238.599 Tm [(in-b)-10(etw)8(e)-7(en)-248(and)-248(uses)-248(the)-248(numb)-10(er)-248(of)-248(page)-248(faults)-248(obser)-15(v)8(e)-7(d)-248(on)-248(these)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 227.641 Tm [(pages)-193(to)-193(determine)-193(the)-193(letter)-193(b)-10(eing)-193(r)8(ender)8(e)-7(d.)-194(In)-193(our)-193(r)8(esear)9(ch,)-194(w)9(e)-193(uti-)]TJ 0.991 0 0 1 317.955 216.682 Tm [(lize)-252(a)-253(trigger)-252(page)-253(to)-252(identify)-253(the)-252(e)7(xe)-7(cution)-253(of)-252(the)]TJ /T1_5 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 499.92 216.682 Tm (TT_load_Glyph)Tj /T1_2 8.966 Tf 1.004 0 0 1 317.955 205.723 Tm [(function)-250(and)-250(then)-250(within)-250(the)-251(function,)-250(sele)-7(ct)-250(5)-250(di\035er)8(ent)]TJ /T1_7 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 524.17 205.723 Tm (\013)Tj /T1_2 8.966 Tf 1.004 0 0 1 529.738 205.723 Tm (-)Tj /T1_7 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 532.87 205.723 Tm (\f)Tj /T1_2 8.966 Tf 1.004 0 0 1 540.116 205.723 Tm (pairs)Tj 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 194.764 Tm [(along)-268(its)-269(contr)8(ol-\036o)7(w)-268(graph)-269(as)-268(featur)8(es)-269(for)-268(identifying)-269(the)-268(26)-268(al-)]TJ T* [(phab)-10(et)-276(and)-277(the)-277(space)-276(b)-10(etw)8(e)-7(en)-277(w)8(or)8(ds)-277(\()12(se)-7(e)-276(T)48(able)-277(3\).)-277(Each)-276(featur)8(e)9(,)]TJ 1.001 0 0 1 317.955 172.846 Tm [(the)-250(timing)-250(b)-10(etw)8(e)-7(en)-250(its)]TJ /T1_7 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 402.244 172.846 Tm (\013)Tj /T1_2 8.966 Tf 1.001 0 0 1 410.057 172.846 Tm (and)Tj /T1_7 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 425.899 172.846 Tm (\f)Tj /T1_2 8.966 Tf 1.001 0 0 1 433.137 172.846 Tm [(p)-7(oints,)-250(can)-250(separate)-250(some)-250(of)-250(these)]TJ 0.983 0 0 1 317.955 161.887 Tm [(27)-254(letters)-253(fr)8(om)-254(others.)-254(C)1(olle)-8(ctiv)9(ely)60(,)-254(the)7(y)-254(form)-253(a)-254(featur)8(e)-253(v)8(e)-7(ctor)-254(o)7(v)8(er)]TJ 1.002 0 0 1 317.623 150.928 Tm [(which)-249(w)8(e)-248(run)-249(a)-249(Random)-248(For)8(est)-249(Classi\033er)-248(\()17(with)-249(numb)-10(er)-249(of)-248(estima-)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 139.969 Tm [(tors)-204(set)-204(as)-205(400\))-204(to)-204(classify)-204(an)-205(obser)-15(v)8(e)-7(d)-204(e)7(xe)-7(cution)-204(of)]TJ /T1_5 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 499.92 139.969 Tm (TT_load_Glyph)Tj /T1_2 8.966 Tf -181.965 -10.959 Td [(into)-250(one)-250(of)-250(these)-250(letters.)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 327.918 118.052 Tm [(W)78(e)-340(ran)-340(our)-341(e)7(xp)-7(eriment)-340(on)-340(Fr)8(e)-7(e)48(T)48(yp)-7(e)-340(2.5.3)-341(within)-340(an)-340(enclav)8(e)]TJ 1.005 0 0 1 317.955 107.093 Tm [(and)-248(colle)-7(cte)-7(d)-248(250)-248(samples)-248(of)-248(a)-248(1000)-248(character)-248(paragraph)-248(fr)8(om)-248(the)]TJ 1.008 0 0 1 317.955 96.134 Tm [(b)-10(o)-7(ok)]TJ /T1_4 8.966 Tf 20.42 0 Td [(The)-247(Princess)-248(and)-247(the)-248(Goblin)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 100.59 0 Td [(as)-247(a)-248(training)-247(set)-248(for)-247(the)-248(Random)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 85.175 Tm [(For)8(est)-300(Classi\033er)58(.)-300(Then)-299(w)8(e)-300(teste)-6(d)-300(on)-299(a)-300(1000)-299(character)-300(paragraph)]TJ 1 0 0 1 303.812 72.727 Tm (7)Tj ET /QITE_maskingtape BMC 1 g 293.8 38.45 26.35 42.95 re f EMC /Artifact <>BDC q 1 0 0 1 54 755.4614258 cm 0 g /GS0 gs /Fm0 Do Q EMC /Artifact <>BDC q 1 0 0 1 355.0029907 755.4614258 cm 0 g /GS0 gs /Fm1 Do Q EMC /Artifact <>BDC q 1 0 0 1 297.8215027 38.5740509 cm 0 g /GS0 gs /Fm2 Do Q EMC endstream endobj 33 0 obj <>stream xڤeݲ-\e۶m۶.w]m۶mvx}{s/vDƞs3s䊵ȈUL]VVfήVfR6z&z&22U+W[?!S7svr?g3#?;FU\nf;77+~9+K#3[ <`PrtHlmi_MnfU3g;9@ `al̅_h$effFE7c[+zR<\-_Wٛe?'_.?wp0PZ:r30zsz{3W,Yֿ-ߖore: )#3ßME]]`V&c3 +{TLS3\<:Lƿ~OOLm] .,LoB'aaO;'b+N?R&$nc:+(/?_V? / E@MKߊI7O?fl0 nџp>ōl1c JaU?-ltfM+q+O3SE+W?u3u1Ǿ_}U#UK+{3a򧬮6ֿf ٛ8^f6v g 3 `qz{?ߟ:5Ќ/&n=smnfff&0k&<ϵBtG̬wQPb'J"/,ѫB/(̥_-66;k(|.n2==چ,׭ʣ TNGKYgOUא͗p ߣ!89Y@BH]^2&i2peOqd g dbXoA.El B"r+x8{I^de'Cc";\p^=_n¤7kEwRS>::W70+8PjUT_}$We,JE-.k{0kOZgΰ.5Cbt˪>_ R^8t|s%n6{l 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Session K4: Secure Enclaves
CCS’17, October 30-November 3, 2017, Dallas, TX, USA
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0 0 1 148.8800049 654.5160065 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_1 6.974 Tf 154.061 656.907 Td (88.17%)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 178.1900024 654.5160065 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_1 6.974 Tf 183.37 656.907 Td (75.62%)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 207.4989929 654.5160065 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_1 6.974 Tf 212.679 656.907 Td (69.14%)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 236.8079987 654.5160065 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_1 6.974 Tf 241.988 656.907 Td (57.35%)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 80.1820068 654.2669983 cm 0.498 w 0 0 m 185.735 0 l S Q BT /T1_0 6.974 Tf 85.164 648.438 Td [(pr)8(e)-7(cision)]TJ ET q 1 0 0 1 119.5709991 646.0469971 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_1 6.974 Tf 124.752 648.438 Td (69.90%)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 148.8800049 646.0469971 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_1 6.974 Tf 154.061 648.438 Td (75.25%)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 178.1900024 646.0469971 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_1 6.974 Tf 183.37 648.438 Td (80.66%)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 207.4989929 646.0469971 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_1 6.974 Tf 212.679 648.438 Td (84.45%)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 236.8079987 646.0469971 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_1 6.974 Tf 241.988 648.438 Td (89.94%)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 80.1820068 645.548996 cm 0.996 w 0 0 m 185.735 0 l S Q BT /T1_1 8.966 Tf 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 618.91 Tm [(fr)8(om)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 19.856 0 Td [(The)-247(W)72(onderful)-247(Wizar)8(d)-246(of)-247(Oz)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf [(,)-247(as)-246(is)-247(use)-7(d)-247(in)-246(the)-247(prior)-246(study)-247([)]TJ 1 0 0 1 282.026 618.91 Tm (43)Tj 0.98 0 0 1 290.364 618.91 Tm (].)Tj 1.006 0 0 1 53.798 607.952 Tm [(Base)-7(d)-247(up)-7(on)-247(the)-247(timing)-248(v)8(e)-7(ctors)-247(obser)-15(v)8(e)-7(d)-247(in)-247(the)-247(e)7(xp)-7(eriments)-247(\()17(with)]TJ 1.017 0 0 1 53.798 596.993 Tm [(an)-245(insp)-7(e)-7(ction)-245(rate)-244(of)-245(once)-245(p)-7(er)-245(482)-245(cy)8(cles\),)-245(our)-245(classi\033er)-245(corr)8(e)-7(ctly)]TJ 1.012 0 0 1 53.798 586.034 Tm [(identi\033e)-7(d)-246(57.35%)-246(of)-245(the)-246(characters)-246(with)-246(a)-246(pr)8(e)-7(cision)-246(of)-246(89.94%)-245(and)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.592 575.075 Tm [(100%)-338(of)-338(the)-338(characters)-338(with)-338(a)-338(pr)8(e)-7(cision)-338(of)-337(69.90%)-338(\()11(se)-6(e)-338(T)48(able)-338(4\).)]TJ 1.003 0 0 1 53.798 564.116 Tm [(Particularly)59(,)-250(all)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 57.692 0 Td (space)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 21.444 0 Td [(characters)-250(w)8(er)8(e)-250(corr)8(e)-7(ctly)-250(identi\033e)-7(d)-250(with)-250(no)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 553.157 Tm [(false)-290(p)-7(ositiv)8(es.)-291(72.14%)-290(of)-291(the)-290(w)8(or)8(ds)-291(w)8(er)8(e)-290(corr)8(e)-7(ctly)-291(r)8(e)-7(co)7(v)8(er)8(e)-7(d)-290(by)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 542.198 Tm [(running)-256(a)-257(dictionar)-15(y)-256(sp)-7(elling)-257(che)-7(ck.)-256(Compar)8(e)-7(d)-256(with)-257(the)-256(page-fault)]TJ 1.012 0 0 1 53.798 531.239 Tm [(attack,)-247(which)-248(captur)8(e)-7(d)-247(100%)-247(of)-248(the)-247(w)8(or)8(ds,)-248(T)59(-SPM)-248(is)-247(less)-247(accurate)]TJ 0.989 0 0 1 53.798 520.28 Tm [(but)-253(much)-253(mor)8(e)-253(e\034cient:)-252(it)-253(incurr)8(e)-7(d)-253(an)-253(o)7(v)8(erhead)-253(of)-253(16%,)-252(while)-253(our)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 509.321 Tm [(r)8(e-implemente)-7(d)-205(page-fault)-205(attack)-204(cause)-7(d)-205(the)-205(pr)8(ogram)-205(to)-204(slo)7(w)-205(do)7(wn)]TJ 1 0 0 1 53.798 498.363 Tm [(by)-250(a)-250(factor)-250(of)-250(252)]TJ /T1_3 8.966 Tf (\002)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf (.)Tj /T1_0 8.966 Tf 0 -13.948 TD [(H)-37(T)59(-SPM)-250(on)-250(Hunsp)-7(ell.)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.007 0 0 1 144.966 484.415 Tm [(A)12(s)-248(an)-248(e)7(xample)9(,)-248(w)8(e)-248(ran)-248(H)-37(T)59(-SPM)-248(on)-249(Hun-)]TJ 0.986 0 0 1 53.798 473.456 Tm [(sp)-7(ell,)-253(in)-253(a)-254(scenario)-253(when)-253(a)-253(set)-253(of)-253(w)8(or)8(ds)-253(w)8(er)8(e)-253(querie)-7(d)-254(on)-253(the)-253(dictio-)]TJ 1.011 0 0 1 53.798 462.497 Tm [(nar)-15(y)59(.)-249(W)79(e)-248(conducte)-7(d)-248(the)-249(e)7(xp)-7(eriments)-248(on)-249(the)-248(Intel)-248(Skylake)-249(i7-6700)]TJ 0.987 0 0 1 53.798 451.538 Tm [(pr)8(o)-7(cessor)60(,)-253(which)-252(is)-252(characterize)-8(d)-252(by)-252(multi-le)7(v)8(el)-253(TLBs)-252(\()12(se)-7(e)-252(T)49(able)-252(1\).)]TJ 1.007 0 0 1 53.529 440.579 Tm [(The)-249(e)7(xp)-7(eriments)-249(sho)7(w)-249(that)-249(the)-249(dTLB)-249(and)-249(L2)-249(TLB)-249(ar)8(e)-249(fully)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 215.496 0 Td [(shar)8(e)-7(d)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 429.62 Tm [(acr)8(oss)-189(logical)-189(cor)8(es.)-190(Our)-189(attack)-190(pr)9(o)-7(cess)-190(includes)-189(6)-189(thr)8(eads:)-190(2)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 216.717 0 Td (cleaners)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 0.982 0 0 1 53.798 418.661 Tm [(op)-7(erating)-254(on)-253(the)-254(same)-253(physical)-254(cor)8(e)-253(as)-254(the)-253(Hunsp)-8(ell)-253(pr)8(o)-7(cess)-254(in)-253(the)]TJ 1.01 0 0 1 53.798 407.702 Tm [(enclav)8(e)-248(for)-248(e)7(victing)-248(its)-248(TLB)-248(entries)-249(and)-248(4)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 152.023 0 Td [(colle)-7(ctors)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 34.971 0 Td [(for)-248(insp)-7(e)-7(cting)]TJ 0.982 0 0 1 53.798 396.744 Tm (the)Tj /T1_2 8.966 Tf 13.94 0 Td [(accesse)-7(d)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 32.108 0 Td [(\036ags)-254(of)-253(memor)-16(y)-253(pages.)-254(The)-254(cleaners)-253(pr)8(ob)-10(e)-8(d)-253(all)-254(64)-254(and)]TJ 0.984 0 0 1 53.592 385.785 Tm [(1536)-253(entries)-254(of)-253(the)-253(dTLB)-254(and)-253(L2)-253(TLB)-253(e)7(v)8(er)-15(y)-254(4978)-253(cy)8(cles)-253(and)-254(the)-253(col-)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 374.826 Tm [(le)-7(ctors)-217(insp)-8(e)-7(cte)-7(d)-217(the)-217(PTEs)-218(once)-217(e)7(v)8(er)-15(y)-217(128)-217(cy)8(cles.)-218(In)-217(the)-217(e)7(xp)-7(eriment,)]TJ -0.338 -10.959 Td [(w)8(e)-233(let)-234(Hunsp)-7(ell)-234(che)-7(ck)-234(100)-233(w)8(or)8(ds)-233(inside)-234(the)-234(enclav)8(e)11(,)-234(with)-234(the)-233(attack)]TJ 0.338 -10.959 Td [(pr)8(o)-7(cess)-228(running)-228(outside)10(.)-228(The)-228(colle)-7(ctors,)-228(once)-228(se)-7(eing)-228(the)-228(\033ngerprint)]TJ 1 0 0 1 53.798 341.949 Tm [(of)-250(the)]TJ /T1_4 8.966 Tf 23.452 0 Td (spell)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 24.66 0 Td [(function,)-250(continuously)-251(gather)8(e)-7(d)-250(traces)-250(for)-250(data-page)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.574 330.99 Tm [(visits,)-252(fr)8(om)-253(which)-252(w)8(e)-252(successfully)-253(r)8(e)-7(co)7(v)8(er)8(e)-7(d)-252(the)-253(e)7(xact)-252(page)-252(visit)]TJ 0.991 0 0 1 53.798 320.031 Tm [(set)-251(for)-252(88)-251(w)8(or)8(ds.)-251(The)-252(attack)-251(incurr)8(e)-7(d)-252(a)-251(slo)7(w)8(do)7(wn)-251(of)-252(39.1%)-251(and)-251(did)]TJ 1 0 0 1 53.798 309.072 Tm [(not)-250(\033r)8(e)-250(a)-250(single)-250(TLB)-250(sho)-7(otdo)7(wn.)]TJ /T1_0 10.909 Tf 0 -21.479 TD [(4.3)-1000(Silent)-250(Attacks)-250(on)-250(EdDSA)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 0.98 0 0 1 53.529 273.895 Tm [(T)64(o)-240(understand)-241(the)-240(stealthiness)-241(of)-240(di\035er)8(ent)-241(attacks,)-240(in)-241(terms)-240(of)-241(their)]TJ -0.046 -10.959 Td [(AEX)-221(fr)8(e)-7(quency)-220(\()17(which)-221(ar)9(e)-221(use)-7(d)-221(by)-221(the)-220(prior)-221(r)8(esear)8(ch)-220(to)-221(dete)-7(ct)-221(page)]TJ 0.987 0 0 1 53.798 251.977 Tm [(side-channel)-253(attacks)-252([)]TJ 1 0 0 1 132.624 251.977 Tm (15)Tj 0.987 0 0 1 140.963 251.977 Tm (,)Tj 1 0 0 1 145.144 251.977 Tm (38)Tj 0.987 0 0 1 153.483 251.977 Tm [(]\),)-253(w)9(e)-253(ran)-252(the)-253(page-fault)-252(attack,)-253(B-SPM)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 241.018 Tm [(and)-212(T)60(-SPM)-213(against)-212(the)-212(latest)-213(v)8(ersion)-212(of)-213(L)1(ibgcr)-16(ypt)-212(\()17(v1.7.6\))-212(to)-213(r)8(e)-7(co)7(v)9(er)]TJ 1.016 0 0 1 53.798 230.059 Tm [(the)-245(EdDSA)-245(session)-245(ke)7(ys)]TJ /T1_1 7.273 Tf 1 0 0 1 142.813 233.314 Tm (2)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.016 0 0 1 146.693 230.059 Tm [(.)-245(Edwar)8(ds-cur)-15(v)8(e)-245(Digital)-245(Signatur)8(e)-245(Algo-)]TJ 0.993 0 0 1 53.798 219.1 Tm [(rithm)-253(\(EdDSA)12(\))-252([)]TJ 1 0 0 1 113.241 219.1 Tm (13)Tj 0.993 0 0 1 121.58 219.1 Tm [(])-253(is)-252(a)-253(high-sp)-7(e)-7(e)-7(d)-253(high-se)-7(curity)-253(digital)-252(signatur)8(e)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 208.141 Tm [(scheme)-303(o)7(v)8(er)-303(twiste)-7(d)-303(Edwar)8(ds)-303(cur)-15(v)8(es.)-303(The)-303(se)-7(curity)-303(of)-303(EdDSA)-303(is)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 197.182 Tm [(base)-7(d)-236(on)-237(the)-236(di\034culty)-236(of)-236(the)-237(w)8(ell-kno)8(wn)-237(elliptic)-236(cur)-15(v)8(e)-236(discr)8(ete)-236(log-)]TJ 0.981 0 0 1 53.798 186.223 Tm [(arithm)-255(pr)8(oblem:)-255(giv)8(en)-256(p)-7(oints)-255(P)-255(and)-255(Q)-256(on)-255(a)-255(cur)-16(v)9(e)-256(to)-255(\033nd)-255(an)-255(integer)]TJ /T1_5 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 53.502 175.264 Tm (a)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 0.985 0 0 1 58.174 175.264 Tm [(,)-253(if)-253(it)-253(e)7(xists,)-252(such)-253(that)]TJ /T1_5 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 136.739 175.264 Tm (Q)Tj /T1_6 8.966 Tf 9.197 0 Td (=)Tj /T1_5 8.966 Tf 7.898 0 Td [(a)-20(P)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 0.985 0 0 1 163.697 175.264 Tm [(.)-253(Pr)8(o)7(vide)-7(d)-253(the)-253(s)1(e)-8(curity)-252(parameters)]TJ /T1_5 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 289.221 175.264 Tm (b)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.01 0 0 1 53.798 164.306 Tm [(and)-247(a)-246(cr)-15(yptographic)-246(hash)-247(function)]TJ /T1_5 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 183.259 164.306 Tm (H)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.01 0 0 1 192.512 164.306 Tm [(pr)8(o)-7(ducing)]TJ /T1_7 8.966 Tf 39.618 0 Td (2)Tj /T1_5 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 236.27 164.306 Tm (b)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.01 0 0 1 241.094 164.306 Tm [(-bit)-247(output,)-246(an)]TJ 1.011 0 0 1 53.798 153.347 Tm [(EdDSA)-248(se)-7(cr)8(et)-247(is)-248(a)]TJ /T1_5 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 120.883 153.347 Tm (b)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.011 0 0 1 125.707 153.347 Tm [(-bit)-248(string)]TJ /T1_5 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 164.368 153.347 Tm (k)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.011 0 0 1 169.398 153.347 Tm [(,)-248(and)]TJ /T1_5 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 189.23 153.347 Tm (a)Tj /T1_6 8.966 Tf 7.171 0 Td (=)Tj /T1_5 8.966 Tf 8.023 0 Td (H)Tj /T1_3 8.966 Tf 7.02 0 Td (\271)Tj /T1_5 8.966 Tf 2.627 0 Td (k)Tj /T1_3 8.966 Tf 5.031 0 Td (\272)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.011 0 0 1 224.333 153.347 Tm [(is)-248(also)-247(private)10(.)-248(The)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 142.388 Tm [(corr)8(esp)-7(onding)-278(public)-278(ke)7(y)-278(is)]TJ /T1_5 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 160.007 142.388 Tm (A)Tj /T1_6 8.966 Tf 9.006 0 Td (=)Tj /T1_5 8.966 Tf 8.504 0 Td [(s)-60(B)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 186.618 142.388 Tm [(,)-278(with)]TJ /T1_5 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 210.748 142.388 Tm (B)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 218.688 142.388 Tm [(the)-278(base)-278(p)-7(oint)-278(and)]TJ /T1_5 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 290.252 142.388 Tm (s)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 0.984 0 0 1 53.798 131.429 Tm [(the)-255(least)-255(signi\033cant)]TJ /T1_5 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 125.824 131.429 Tm (b)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 0.984 0 0 1 132.896 131.429 Tm [(bits)-255(of)]TJ /T1_5 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 157.247 131.429 Tm (a)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 0.984 0 0 1 161.919 131.429 Tm [(.)-255(Let)]TJ /T1_5 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 179.388 131.429 Tm (r)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 0.984 0 0 1 185.823 131.429 Tm [(b)-10(e)-255(the)-255(private)-254(session)-255(ke)7(y)60(,)-255(the)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 120.47 Tm [(signatur)8(e)-271(of)-270(a)-271(message)]TJ /T1_5 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 141.439 120.47 Tm (M)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 151.839 120.47 Tm (under)Tj /T1_5 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 175.887 120.47 Tm (k)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 183.392 120.47 Tm [(is)-271(a)]TJ /T1_7 8.966 Tf 14.876 0 Td (2)Tj /T1_5 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 202.352 120.47 Tm (b)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 207.176 120.47 Tm [(-bit)-271(string)]TJ /T1_3 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 246.962 120.47 Tm (\271)Tj /T1_5 8.966 Tf 2.806 0 Td (R)Tj /T1_8 8.966 Tf 5.29 0 Td (;)Tj /T1_5 8.966 Tf 3.467 0 Td (S)Tj /T1_3 8.966 Tf 4.788 0 Td (\272)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 266.299 120.47 Tm [(,)-271(wher)8(e)]TJ /T1_5 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 53.619 109.511 Tm (R)Tj /T1_6 8.966 Tf 8.932 0 Td (=)Tj /T1_5 8.966 Tf 8.896 0 Td [(r)-100(B)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 83.662 109.511 Tm (and)Tj /T1_5 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 99.876 109.511 Tm (S)Tj /T1_6 8.966 Tf 8.34 0 Td (=)Tj /T1_3 8.966 Tf 9.255 0 Td (\271)Tj /T1_5 8.966 Tf 2.627 0 Td (r)Tj /T1_6 8.966 Tf 6.604 0 Td (+)Tj /T1_5 8.966 Tf 7.941 0 Td (H)Tj /T1_3 8.966 Tf 7.02 0 Td (\271)Tj /T1_5 8.966 Tf 2.807 0 Td (R)Tj /T1_8 8.966 Tf 5.29 0 Td (;)Tj /T1_5 8.966 Tf 3.467 0 Td (A)Tj /T1_8 8.966 Tf 5.756 0 Td (;)Tj /T1_5 8.966 Tf 3.647 0 Td (M)Tj /T1_3 8.966 Tf 7.926 0 Td (\272)Tj /T1_5 8.966 Tf 2.69 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_3 8.966 Tf 4.671 0 Td (\272)Tj /T1_7 8.966 Tf 5.477 0 Td [(mo)-7(d)]TJ /T1_5 8.966 Tf 18.28 0 Td (l)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 204.866 109.511 Tm [(.)-298(It)-297(can)-297(b)-10(e)-297(se)-7(en)-298(that)-297(if)]TJ /T1_5 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 289.858 109.511 Tm (r)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 53.7980042 101.8679962 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 47.821 0 l S Q BT /T1_1 5.48 Tf 53.798 95.698 Td (2)Tj /T1_1 6.974 Tf 3.046 -2.64 Td [(The)-250(attacks)-249(only)-249(inv)8(olv)8(e)-250(co)-7(de)-249(pages,)-250(while)-249(H)-37(T)59(-SPM)-250(is)-249(designe)-7(d)-250(to)-249(r)8(e)-7(duce)-250(AEX)15(s)-249(for)]TJ -3.046 -8.221 Td [(data)-250(pages.)-250(A)12(s)-250(such,)-250(H)-37(T)59(-SPM)-250(is)-250(not)-250(pr)8(esente)-7(d)-250(in)-250(the)-250(comparison.)]TJ ET q 1 0 0 1 329.9100037 706.8690033 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 228.291 0 l S Q BT /T1_1 4.981 Tf 323.609 698.8 Td (1)Tj /T1_4 5.978 Tf 6.78 0 Td [(v)-80(o)-80(i)-80(d)]TJ /T1_1 4.981 Tf -6.78 -6.974 Td (2)Tj /T1_4 5.978 Tf 6.873 0 Td [(_)-96(g)-95(c)-96(r)-96(y)-95(_)-96(m)-96(p)-95(i)-96(_)-96(e)-95(c)-96(_)-96(m)-95(u)-96(l)-96(_)-95(p)-96(o)-96(i)-95(n)-96(t)-746(\()-141(m)-92(p)-92(i)-91(_)-92(p)-92(o)-91(i)-92(n)-92(t)-91(_)-92(t)-767(r)-75(e)-75(s)-75(u)-75(l)-75(t)-200(,)]TJ /T1_1 4.981 Tf -6.873 -6.974 Td (3)Tj /T1_4 5.978 Tf 92.923 0 Td [(g)-91(c)-91(r)-91(y)-91(_)-91(m)-90(p)-91(i)-91(_)-91(t)-766(s)-75(c)-75(a)-75(l)-75(a)-75(r)-200(,)-742(m)-92(p)-91(i)-92(_)-92(p)-91(o)-92(i)-92(n)-91(t)-92(_)-92(t)-763(p)-71(o)-72(i)-71(n)-71(t)-193(,)]TJ /T1_1 4.981 Tf -92.923 -6.974 Td (4)Tj /T1_4 5.978 Tf 92.911 0 Td [(m)-89(p)-89(i)-89(_)-89(e)-88(c)-89(_)-89(t)-764(c)-75(t)-75(x)-125(\))-700({)]TJ /T1_1 4.981 Tf -92.911 -6.974 Td (5)Tj /T1_4 5.978 Tf 13.873 0 Td [(i)-67(f)-716(\()-110(c)-60(t)-60(x)-170(-)-100(>)-134(m)-83(o)-83(d)-84(e)-83(l)-750(=)-67(=)-760(M)-93(P)-93(I)-94(_)-93(E)-93(C)-94(_)-93(E)-93(D)-94(W)-93(A)-93(R)-94(D)-93(S)]TJ /T1_1 4.981 Tf -13.873 -6.974 Td (6)Tj /T1_4 5.978 Tf 28.219 0 Td [(|)-67(|)-716(\()-110(c)-60(t)-60(x)-170(-)-100(>)-134(m)-83(o)-83(d)-84(e)-83(l)-750(=)-67(=)-761(M)-95(P)-95(I)-94(_)-95(E)-95(C)-95(_)-94(W)-95(E)-95(I)-95(E)-94(R)-95(S)-95(T)-95(R)-94(A)-95(S)-95(S)]TJ /T1_1 4.981 Tf -28.219 -6.974 Td (7)Tj /T1_4 5.978 Tf 42.566 0 Td [(&)-67(&)-759(m)-93(p)-93(i)-93(_)-93(i)-92(s)-93(_)-93(s)-93(e)-93(c)-93(u)-93(r)-93(e)-742(\()-136(s)-86(c)-86(a)-85(l)-86(a)-86(r)-135(\))-100(\))-100(\))-700({)]TJ /T1_1 4.981 Tf -42.566 -6.973 Td (8)Tj /T1_4 5.978 Tf 21.046 0 Td [(i)-67(f)-716(\()-143(m)-93(p)-93(i)-93(_)-93(i)-93(s)-92(_)-93(s)-93(e)-93(c)-93(u)-93(r)-93(e)-742(\()-136(s)-86(c)-86(a)-85(l)-86(a)-86(r)-136(\))-100(\))-700({)]TJ /T1_1 4.981 Tf -21.046 -6.974 Td (9)Tj /T1_4 5.978 Tf 28.219 0 Td [(/)-67(*)-733(I)-67(f)-752(S)-86(C)-86(A)-85(L)-86(A)-86(R)-752(i)-67(s)-733(i)-67(n)-752(s)-86(e)-86(c)-85(u)-86(r)-86(e)-771(m)-86(e)-86(m)-85(o)-86(r)-86(y)-752(w)-67(e)-752(a)-86(s)-86(s)-85(u)-86(m)-86(e)-766(t)-80(h)-80(a)-80(t)-746(i)-67(t)-733(i)-67(s)-742(t)-75(h)-75(e)]TJ 23.626 -6.974 Td [(s)-86(e)-85(c)-86(r)-86(e)-86(t)-760(k)-75(e)-75(y)-742(w)-67(e)-741(u)-75(s)-75(e)-764(c)-89(o)-89(n)-89(s)-89(t)-89(a)-89(n)-89(t)-768(t)-80(i)-80(m)-80(e)-770(o)-90(p)-90(e)-90(r)-90(a)-90(t)-90(i)-91(o)-90(n)-140(.)-1316(*)-67(/)]TJ /T1_1 4.981 Tf -54.161 -6.974 Td (10)Tj /T1_4 5.978 Tf 30.585 0 Td [(.)-75(.)-75(.)]TJ /T1_1 4.981 Tf -30.585 -6.974 Td (11)Tj /T1_4 5.978 Tf 23.263 0 Td (})Tj /T1_1 4.981 Tf -23.263 -6.974 Td (12)Tj /T1_4 5.978 Tf 23.442 0 Td [(e)-80(l)-80(s)-80(e)-730({)]TJ /T1_1 4.981 Tf -23.442 -6.974 Td (13)Tj /T1_4 5.978 Tf 30.585 0 Td [(f)-75(o)-75(r)-725(\()-100(j)-100(=)-122(n)-71(b)-71(i)-72(t)-71(s)-218(-)-75(1)-75(;)-725(j)-750(>)-50(=)-717(0)-66(;)-700(j)-127(-)-120(-)-60(\))-710({)]TJ /T1_1 4.981 Tf -30.585 -6.973 Td (14)Tj /T1_4 5.978 Tf 37.882 0 Td [(_)-96(g)-95(c)-96(r)-96(y)-95(_)-96(m)-96(p)-95(i)-96(_)-96(e)-95(c)-96(_)-96(d)-95(u)-96(p)-96(_)-95(p)-96(o)-95(i)-96(n)-96(t)-745(\()-125(r)-75(e)-75(s)-75(u)-75(l)-76(t)-200(,)-725(r)-75(e)-75(s)-75(u)-75(l)-75(t)-200(,)-725(c)-75(t)-75(x)-125(\))-100(;)]TJ /T1_1 4.981 Tf -37.882 -6.974 Td (15)Tj /T1_4 5.978 Tf 37.709 0 Td [(i)-67(f)-716(\()-143(m)-92(p)-92(i)-93(_)-92(t)-92(e)-92(s)-93(t)-92(_)-92(b)-93(i)-92(t)-742(\()-125(s)-75(c)-75(a)-75(l)-75(a)-75(r)-200(,)-700(j)-100(\))-100(\))]TJ /T1_1 4.981 Tf -37.709 -6.974 Td (16)Tj /T1_4 5.978 Tf 45.056 0 Td [(_)-96(g)-96(c)-96(r)-95(y)-96(_)-96(m)-96(p)-96(i)-96(_)-95(e)-96(c)-96(_)-96(a)-96(d)-96(d)-95(_)-96(p)-96(o)-96(i)-96(n)-96(t)-96(s)-745(\()-125(r)-75(e)-75(s)-75(u)-75(l)-75(t)-200(,)-725(r)-75(e)-75(s)-75(u)-75(l)-75(t)-200(,)-722(p)-71(o)-72(i)-71(n)-72(t)-192(,)-725(c)-75(t)-75(x)-125(\))-100(;)]TJ /T1_1 4.981 Tf -45.056 -6.974 Td (17)Tj /T1_4 5.978 Tf 30.436 0 Td (})Tj /T1_1 4.981 Tf -30.436 -6.974 Td (18)Tj /T1_4 5.978 Tf 23.263 0 Td (})Tj /T1_1 4.981 Tf -23.263 -6.974 Td (19)Tj /T1_4 5.978 Tf 23.476 0 Td [(r)-86(e)-85(t)-86(u)-86(r)-86(n)-135(;)]TJ /T1_1 4.981 Tf -23.476 -6.974 Td (20)Tj /T1_4 5.978 Tf 16.09 0 Td (})Tj /T1_1 4.981 Tf -16.09 -6.973 Td (21)Tj /T1_4 5.978 Tf 8.916 0 Td (})Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 329.9100037 547.0690002 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 228.291 0 l S Q BT /T1_0 8.966 Tf 346.151 523.407 Td [(Figur)8(e)-250(4:)-250(Scalar)-250(p)-7(oint)-250(multiplication)-250(for)-250(ECC.)]TJ -28.492 -30.953 Td [(T)49(able)-236(5:)-237(Attack)-236(summar)-15(y)-237(on)-236(EdDSA)-237(\(Libgcr)-15(ypt)-236(1.7.5\).)-237(A)-236(nor-)]TJ 0.296 -10.959 Td [(mal)-371(e)7(xe)-7(cution)-370(of)-371(EdDSA)-371(signatur)8(e)-370(without)-371(attack)-371(also)-370(in-)]TJ 0 -10.959 TD [(curs)-250(o)7(v)8(er)-250(1500)-250(AEX)15(s.)]TJ ET q 1 0 0 1 325.7279968 454.7949982 cm 0.996 w 0 0 m 220.717 0 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 393.4900055 446.052002 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 8.245 l S Q BT /T1_0 6.974 Tf 411.951 448.718 Td [(Monitor)8(e)-7(d)-250(pages)]TJ ET q 1 0 0 1 483.0509949 446.052002 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 8.245 l S Q BT /T1_0 6.974 Tf 488.232 448.443 Td [(Numb)-10(er)-250(of)-250(AEX)15(s)]TJ ET q 1 0 0 1 325.7279968 445.8029938 cm 0.498 w 0 0 m 220.717 0 l S Q BT /T1_0 6.974 Tf 332.991 435.99 Td [(Page)-250(fault)-250(attack)]TJ ET q 1 0 0 1 393.4900055 437.3090057 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 8.245 l S Q BT /T1_1 6.974 Tf 410.047 439.975 Td [(000E7000,)-250(000E8000)]TJ ET q 1 0 0 1 483.0509949 437.3090057 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 8.245 l S Q BT /T1_1 6.974 Tf 505.973 435.715 Td (71,000)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 393.4900055 429.0630035 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 8.245 l S Q BT /T1_1 6.974 Tf 410.549 431.73 Td [(000F0000,)-250(000F1000)]TJ ET q 1 0 0 1 483.0509949 429.0630035 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 8.245 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 325.7279968 428.8639984 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 220.717 0 l S Q BT /T1_0 6.974 Tf 338.322 419.101 Td [(B-SPM)-250(attack)]TJ ET q 1 0 0 1 393.4900055 420.4199982 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 8.245 l S Q BT /T1_1 6.974 Tf 404.695 423.086 Td [(000EF000)-250(\(trigger)-250(page\))]TJ ET q 1 0 0 1 483.0509949 420.4199982 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 8.245 l S Q BT /T1_1 6.974 Tf 505.973 418.826 Td (33,000)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 393.4900055 412.173996 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 8.245 l S Q BT /T1_1 6.974 Tf 410.298 414.841 Td [(000E9000,)-250(000F0000)]TJ ET q 1 0 0 1 483.0509949 412.173996 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 8.245 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 325.7279968 411.9750061 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 220.717 0 l S Q BT /T1_0 6.974 Tf 338.535 402.212 Td [(T)59(-SPM)-250(attack)]TJ ET q 1 0 0 1 393.4900055 403.5310059 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 8.245 l S Q BT /T1_1 6.974 Tf 405.016 406.197 Td [(000F0000)-250(\(trigger)-250(page\))]TJ ET q 1 0 0 1 483.0509949 403.5310059 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 8.245 l S Q BT /T1_1 6.974 Tf 507.595 401.937 Td (1,300)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 393.4900055 395.2859955 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 8.245 l S Q BT /T1_1 6.974 Tf 405.016 397.952 Td [(000F1000)-250(\(trigger)-250(page\))]TJ ET q 1 0 0 1 483.0509949 395.2859955 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 8.245 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 325.7279968 394.7870026 cm 0.996 w 0 0 m 220.717 0 l S Q BT /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.011 0 0 1 317.955 362.984 Tm [(is)-248(disclose)-6(d,)-248(assuming)]TJ /T1_5 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 401.242 362.984 Tm (H)Tj /T1_3 8.966 Tf 7.021 0 Td (\271)Tj /T1_5 8.966 Tf 2.806 0 Td (R)Tj /T1_8 8.966 Tf 5.29 0 Td (;)Tj /T1_5 8.966 Tf 3.467 0 Td (A)Tj /T1_8 8.966 Tf 5.757 0 Td (;)Tj /T1_5 8.966 Tf 3.646 0 Td (M)Tj /T1_3 8.966 Tf 7.926 0 Td (\272)Tj /T1_7 8.966 Tf 5.477 0 Td [(mo)-7(d)]TJ /T1_5 8.966 Tf 18.28 0 Td (l)Tj /T1_9 8.966 Tf 5.688 0 Td (,)Tj /T1_7 8.966 Tf 1.011 0 0 1 474.798 362.984 Tm (0)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf [(,)-248(the)-247(long-term)-248(se)-7(cr)8(et)]TJ 1 0 0 1 317.955 352.025 Tm [(ke)7(y)]TJ /T1_5 8.966 Tf 15.1 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 6.913 0 Td [(can)-250(b)-10(e)-250(dir)8(e)-7(ctly)-250(obtaine)-7(d)-250(as)]TJ /T1_5 8.966 Tf 99.544 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_6 8.966 Tf 7.162 0 Td (=)Tj /T1_3 8.966 Tf 8.194 0 Td (\271)Tj /T1_5 8.966 Tf 2.716 0 Td (S)Tj /T1_3 8.966 Tf 6.781 0 Td (\000)Tj /T1_5 8.966 Tf 7.336 0 Td (r)Tj /T1_3 8.966 Tf 4.188 0 Td (\272\235)Tj /T1_5 8.966 Tf 6.931 0 Td (H)Tj /T1_3 8.966 Tf 7.02 0 Td (\271)Tj /T1_5 8.966 Tf 2.807 0 Td (R)Tj /T1_8 8.966 Tf 5.29 0 Td (;)Tj /T1_5 8.966 Tf 3.467 0 Td (A)Tj /T1_8 8.966 Tf 5.756 0 Td (;)Tj /T1_5 8.966 Tf 3.647 0 Td (M)Tj /T1_3 8.966 Tf 7.926 0 Td (\272)Tj /T1_7 8.966 Tf 5.476 0 Td [(mo)-7(d)]TJ /T1_5 8.966 Tf 18.281 0 Td (l)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 3.192 0 Td (.)Tj -217.764 -10.959 Td [(Figur)8(e)-250(4)-249(pr)8(esents)-250(the)-250(main)-250(function)-249(for)-250(ECC)-250(scalar)-249(p)-7(oint)-250(multi-)]TJ 0.992 0 0 1 317.955 330.107 Tm [(plication.)-252(Although)-253(Libgcr)-15(ypt)-252(pr)8(o)7(vides)-253(side-channel)-252(pr)8(ote)-7(ction)-252(by)]TJ 1.014 0 0 1 317.955 319.148 Tm [(tagging)-247(the)-247(long-term)-247(private)-247(ke)7(y)-247(as)-247(\020se)-7(cur)8(e)-248(m)1(emor)-15(y\021)48(,)-247(w)8(e)-247(found)]TJ 0.993 0 0 1 317.955 308.189 Tm [(that)-252(it)-251(do)-7(es)-252(not)-252(pr)8(ote)-7(ct)-251(the)-252(se)-7(cr)8(et)-252(session)-251(ke)7(y)59(.)-252(A)12(s)-251(a)-252(r)8(esult,)-252(the)-251(non-)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 297.23 Tm [(har)8(dene)-7(d)-296(branch)-296(of)-296(line)-295(13-17)-296(is)-296(always)-296(taken)-296(while)-296(generating)]TJ 1.014 0 0 1 317.955 286.271 Tm [(the)-246(message)-246(signatur)8(e)10(.)-247(Then)-246(the)-246(se)-7(cr)8(et-dep)-7(endent)]TJ /T1_5 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 505.507 286.271 Tm [(i)-148(f)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.014 0 0 1 514.187 286.271 Tm [(-branch)-246(can)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 275.312 Tm [(leak)-231(out)-231(session)-232(ke)7(y)-231(information.)-231(W)81(e)-231(pr)8(esent)-231(our)-231(e)7(valuation)-231(r)8(esults)]TJ 0.99 0 0 1 317.955 264.354 Tm [(using)-253(page)-252(fault)-253(attack,)-252(B-SPM)-253(and)-252(T)59(-SPM)-252(r)8(esp)-7(e)-7(ctiv)8(ely)60(,)-253(as)-252(follo)7(ws:)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 317.955 250.406 Tm [(Page-fault)-250(attacks.)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.008 0 0 1 395.368 250.406 Tm [(During)-248(an)-248(o\037ine)-248(analysis,)-248(w)8(e)-248(generat)1(e)-7(d)-248(the)]TJ 1.01 0 0 1 317.955 239.447 Tm [(sub-function)-248(call)-247(traces)-248(for)-248(b)-9(oth)]TJ /T1_4 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 438.438 239.447 Tm (_gcry_mpi_ec_dup_point)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.01 0 0 1 539.311 239.447 Tm (\(Line)Tj 1.02 0 0 1 317.749 228.488 Tm [(14)-253(of)-254(Figur)8(e)-253(4\))-254(and)]TJ /T1_4 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 389.791 228.488 Tm (_gcry_mpi_ec_add_points)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 495.221 228.488 Tm [(\(Line)-253(16,)-254(a)-253(ne)-7(ces-)]TJ 0.995 0 0 1 317.955 217.529 Tm [(sar)-15(y)-251(condition)-250(for)-251(bit)-251(1\),)-250(fr)8(om)-251(which)-251(w)9(e)-251(identi\033e)-7(d)-251(4)-250(co)-7(de)-251(pages)-251(to)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 206.57 Tm [(b)-10(e)-274(monitor)8(e)-7(d,)-274(including)]TJ /T1_4 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 410.308 206.57 Tm (_gcry_mpi_ec_mul_point)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 511.445 206.57 Tm [(on)-274(one)-274(page)10(,)]TJ /T1_4 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 317.507 195.611 Tm (_gcry_mpi_ec_add_points)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 0.98 0 0 1 422.196 195.611 Tm (and)Tj /T1_4 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 436.996 195.611 Tm (_gcry_mpi_ec_dup_point)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 0.98 0 0 1 537.202 195.611 Tm [(on)-179(an-)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 184.652 Tm [(other)-271(page)10(,)-271(their)-271(r)8(elate)-7(d)-271(functions)-271(on)-271(the)-271(thir)7(d)-271(page)-271(and)]TJ /T1_4 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 531.751 184.652 Tm (_gcry_)Tj -213.796 -10.958 Td (mpi_test_bit)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 0.98 0 0 1 373.985 173.694 Tm [(on)-254(the)-254(last)-254(page)10(,)-254(whose)-254(e)7(x)1(e)-8(cution)-254(indicates)-254(the)-254(end)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 162.735 Tm [(of)-265(the)-265(pr)8(o)-7(cessing)-265(on)-265(the)-265(curr)8(ent)-265(bit.)-265(During)-265(the)-264(attack,)-265(w)7(e)-264(inter-)]TJ 1.007 0 0 1 317.955 151.776 Tm [(cepte)-7(d)-249(the)-249(page)-248(fault)-249(handler)-249(in)-249(our)-249(kernel)-248(mo)-7(dule)-249(and)-249(r)8(estricte)-7(d)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 140.817 Tm [(accesses)-286(to)-286(these)-286(monitor)8(e)-7(d)-285(pages)-286(by)-286(clearing)-286(their)-286(pr)8(esent)-286(bits.)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 129.858 Tm [(Once)-212(a)-212(page)-211(fault)-212(on)-212(a)-212(monitor)8(e)-7(d)-211(page)-212(o)-7(ccurr)8(e)-7(d)-212(w)8(e)-212(r)8(eset)-211(its)-212(pr)8(esent)]TJ T* [(bit)-236(and)-235(r)8(e)-7(cor)8(de)-7(d)-235(the)-236(curr)8(ent)-235(count)-236(of)-235(page)-236(faults.)-235(W)81(e)-235(found)-236(that)-235(for)]TJ 1.007 0 0 1 317.955 107.94 Tm [(ke)7(y)-248(bit)]TJ /T1_7 8.966 Tf 27.289 0 Td (1)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 6.395 0 Td (and)Tj /T1_7 8.966 Tf 15.72 0 Td (0)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf [(,)-248(ther)8(e)-248(ar)7(e)-248(89)-248(and)-248(48)-248(subse)-7(quent)-248(page)-249(visits)-248(r)8(esp)-7(e)-7(c-)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 96.981 Tm 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Session K4: Secure Enclaves
CCS’17, October 30-November 3, 2017, Dallas, TX, USA
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8.966 Tf 5.918 0 Td (and)Tj /T1_2 8.966 Tf 15.243 0 Td (0)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf [(,)-195(if)-195(w)8(e)-195(do)-195(not)-195(\036ush)-195(the)-195(TLB.)-195(Ther)8(efor)8(e)11(,)]TJ 0.995 0 0 1 53.798 676.433 Tm [(the)-250(sp)7(ying)-250(thr)8(ead)-251(ne)-7(e)-7(ds)-250(to)-250(interrupt)-250(the)-250(target)-251(e)1(nclav)8(e)-251(thr)8(ead)-250(and)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 665.474 Tm [(clean)-247(up)-247(the)-246(curr)7(ent)-246(TLB)-247(to)-247(get)-247(mor)8(e)-247(detaile)-6(d)-247(information)-247(ab)-10(out)]TJ 1.008 0 0 1 53.798 654.516 Tm [(page)-247(visits)-247(to)-247(di\035er)8(entiate)-247(the)-247(ke)7(y)-247(bit)-247(with)-247(di\035er)8(ent)-247(values.)-247(T)63(o)-247(r)8(e-)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 643.557 Tm [(duce)-224(the)-224(fr)8(e)-7(quency)-224(of)-224(the)-224(interrupts)-224(ne)-7(e)-8(de)-7(d,)-224(instead)-224(of)-224(sending)-224(IPIs)]TJ -0.338 -10.959 Td 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588.762 Tm (9000)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 577.803 Tm (and)Tj /T1_2 8.966 Tf 15.791 0 Td (000)Tj /T1_4 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 82.663 577.803 Tm (F)Tj /T1_2 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 87.837 577.803 Tm (0000)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 18.975 0 Td [(in)-256(T)48(able)-256(5\))-256(ar)7(e)-256(visite)-7(d)-256(b)-9(etw)7(e)-7(en)-256(tw)8(o)-256(interrupts.)-256(W)78(e)]TJ -52.346 -10.959 Td [(obser)-15(v)8(e)-7(d)-271(a)-271(clear)-271(di\035er)8(ence)-271(in)-272(the)-271(page)-271(traces)-271(for)-271(ke)7(y)-271(bit)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 208.841 0 Td (1)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 6.6 0 Td (and)Tj /T1_2 8.966 Tf 15.925 0 Td (0)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf -231.367 -10.959 Td [(and)-250(can)-251(r)8(e)-7(co)7(v)8(er)-251(all)-250(ke)7(y)-251(bits)-250(during)-250(the)-251(p)-7(ost-pr)8(o)-7(cessing)-250(phase)10(.)-251(In)]TJ 1.008 0 0 1 53.798 544.927 Tm [(total)-247(ar)8(ound)-247(33,000)-247(interrupts)-247(w)8(er)8(e)-247(trigger)8(e)-7(d)-246(to)-247(corr)8(e)-7(ctly)-247(r)8(e)-7(co)7(v)8(er)]TJ 1 0 0 1 53.798 533.968 Tm [(all)-250(the)-250(session)-250(ke)7(y)-250(bits.)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf -0.296 -13.948 Td [(T)59(-SPM)-272(attacks.)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 116.091 520.02 Tm [(T)62(o)-267(further)-267(r)8(e)-7(duce)-267(the)-267(AEX)-266(fr)8(e)-7(quency)58(,)-267(w)8(e)-267(moni-)]TJ 0.995 0 0 1 53.798 509.061 Tm [(tor)-251(the)-252(2)-251(pages)-252(containing)]TJ /T1_3 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 151.051 509.061 Tm (_gcry_mpi_ec_mul_point)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 0.995 0 0 1 251.924 509.061 Tm (and)Tj /T1_3 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 267.594 509.061 Tm (_gcry_)Tj -213.796 -10.959 Td (mpi_ec_dup_point)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.008 0 0 1 125.529 498.102 Tm (/)Tj /T1_3 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 128.449 498.102 Tm (_gcry_mpi_ec_add_points)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.008 0 0 1 233.809 498.102 Tm [(r)8(esp)-7(e)-7(ctiv)8(ely)-249(and)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 487.143 Tm [(utilize)-195(the)-195(time)-196(b)-10(etw)8(e)-7(en)-195(the)-195(visits)-195(to)-196(b)-10(oth)-195(pages)-195(to)-195(\033nd)-196(out)-195(the)-195(value)]TJ 0 -10.959 TD [(of)-195(the)-194(curr)8(ent)-194(ke)7(y)-195(bit.)-195(Sp)-7(e)-7(ci\033cally)60(,)-194(once)-195(b)-10(oth)-194(of)-195(them)-194(ar)8(e)-195(found)-194(to)-195(b)-10(e)]TJ T* [(accesse)-7(d,)-204(our)-204(attack)-204(pr)8(o)-7(cess)-204(starts)-204(the)-203(timer)-204(\(using)]TJ /T1_3 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 234.488 465.225 Tm (rdtsc)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 0.98 0 0 1 256.904 465.225 Tm [(\))-204(but)-204(waits)]TJ -207.251 -10.959 Td [(for)-229(2000)-228(nanose)-8(conds)-228(to)-229(ensur)8(e)-228(that)-229(the)-229(e)7(xe)-7(cution)-229(o)1(f)-229(the)-229(target)-229(pr)9(o-)]TJ 0 -10.958 TD [(cess)-225(leav)8(es)-224(b)-10(oth)-225(pages,)-225(b)-10(efor)8(e)-225(sho)-7(oting)-224(do)7(wn)-225(the)-225(TLB)-224(and)-225(r)8(esetting)]TJ 0.999 0 0 1 53.798 432.349 Tm (the)Tj /T1_5 8.966 Tf 13.91 0 Td [(accesse)-7(d)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 32.068 0 Td [(\036ags)-250(of)-251(b)-10(oth)-250(pages.)-250(The)-251(timer)-250(stops)-250(when)-251(b)-10(oth)-250(pages)]TJ 0.982 0 0 1 53.798 421.39 Tm [(ar)8(e)-255(obser)-15(v)8(e)-7(d)-255(again.)-255(In)-255(this)-256(way)61(,)-256(o)1(nly)-256(ab)-10(out)-255(2)-255(interrupts)-255(ar)8(e)-255(ne)-7(e)-7(de)-7(d)]TJ 1.018 0 0 1 53.798 410.431 Tm [(for)-247(colle)-6(cting)-247(information)-247(for)-246(each)-247(ke)7(y)-247(bit.)-246(The)-247(r)8(e)-7(cor)8(de)-7(d)-246(timings)]TJ 0.987 0 0 1 53.798 399.472 Tm [(turn)-252(out)-253(to)-252(b)-10(e)-253(di\035er)8(entiating)-252(enough)-252(to)-253(determine)-252(whether)]TJ /T1_3 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 267.594 399.472 Tm (_gcry_)Tj -213.796 -10.959 Td (mpi_ec_dup_point)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 128.081 388.513 Tm (or)Tj /T1_3 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 138.644 388.513 Tm (_gcry_mpi_ec_add_points)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 244.309 388.513 Tm [(has)-279(b)-10(e)-7(en)-279(e)7(xe-)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 377.554 Tm [(cute)-7(d,)-202(ar)8(ound)-202(19,700)-202(cpu)-202(cy)8(cles)-202(for)-201(the)-202(former)-202(and)-202(27,900)-202(cpu)-202(cy)8(cles)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 366.595 Tm [(for)-259(the)-260(latter)58(.)-260(After)-259(all)-259(the)-260(call)-259(traces)-260(ar)8(e)-259(gather)8(e)-7(d,)-260(w)8(e)-259(can)-260(\033gur)8(e)]TJ 0.986 0 0 1 53.798 355.636 Tm [(out)-254(that)-254(the)-254(curr)8(ent)-254(ke)7(y)-254(bit)-253(is)-254(1)-254(when)]TJ /T1_3 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 190.931 355.636 Tm (_gcry_mpi_ec_add_points)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 344.677 Tm [(is)-336(obser)-14(v)8(e)-7(d)-336(right)-335(after)]TJ /T1_3 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 141.339 344.677 Tm (_gcry_mpi_ec_dup_point)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 239.969 344.677 Tm [(,)-336(and)-335(0)-336(if)-335(only)]TJ /T1_3 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 53.35 333.719 Tm (_gcry_mpi_ec_dup_point)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 0.98 0 0 1 154.111 333.719 Tm [(is)-242(se)-8(en.)-242(In)-243(total)-242(ar)8(ound)-243(1,)1(300)-243(interrupts)]TJ 1 0 0 1 53.467 322.76 Tm [(w)8(er)8(e)-250(trigger)8(e)-7(d)-250(to)-250(corr)8(e)-7(ctly)-250(r)8(e)-7(co)7(v)8(er)-250(all)-250(the)-250(session)-250(ke)7(y)-250(bits.)]TJ 0.99 0 0 1 63.761 311.801 Tm [(In)-253(summar)-15(y)60(,)-253(w)8(e)-252(found)-253(that)-253(these)-252(thr)8(e)-7(e)-253(attacks)-253(all)-252(ar)8(e)-253(able)-253(to)-252(r)8(e-)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 300.842 Tm [(co)7(v)8(er)-238(the)-238(full)-238(EdDSA)-238(session)-239(ke)8(y)-239(r)9(eliably)60(.)-238(Page)-239(fault)-238(attack)-238(triggers)]TJ 0.991 0 0 1 53.798 289.883 Tm [(a)-253(page)-252(fault)-253(for)-253(e)7(v)8(er)-15(y)-253(page)-252(obser)-16(vatio)1(n)-253(and)-253(pr)8(o)-7(duces)-253(ab)-10(out)-252(71,000)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.484 278.924 Tm [(AEX)15(s.)-209(The)-209(B-SPM)-209(attack)-208(can)-209(obser)-16(v)9(e)-209(the)-209(page)-209(visit)-209(set)-209(b)-10(etw)8(e)-7(en)-209(tw)8(o)]TJ 0.32 -10.959 Td [(conse)-7(cutiv)8(e)-225(insp)-7(e)-7(ctions.)-224(Ho)7(w)8(e)7(v)8(er)-224(it)-225(still)-224(ne)-8(e)-7(ds)-224(to)-225(aggr)8(essiv)9(ely)-225(send)]TJ 0 -10.959 TD [(IPIs)-231(to)-232(clear)-231(TLB)-232(entries)-231(to)-232(gain)-231(timely)-231(obser)-16(vation)-231(of)-232(the)-231(pages)-231(vis-)]TJ T* [(ite)-7(d,)-207(which)-206(pr)8(o)-7(duces)-207(ab)-10(out)-207(33,000)-206(AEX)15(s.)-207(T)60(-SPM)-206(attack)-207(only)-206(issues)-207(a)]TJ -0.274 -10.959 Td [(TLB)-212(sho)-7(otdo)7(wn)-213(for)-212(e)7(v)8(er)-15(y)-212(inv)8(o)-7(cation)-213(of)]TJ /T1_3 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 195.415 235.088 Tm (_gcry_mpi_ec_dup_point)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 0.982 0 0 1 53.798 224.13 Tm (or)Tj /T1_3 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 63.756 224.13 Tm (_gcry_mpi_ec_add_points)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 0.982 0 0 1 169.114 224.13 Tm [(and)-255(di\035er)8(entiates)-255(b)-10(etw)8(e)-7(en)-255(the)-255(tw)8(o)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 213.171 Tm [(functions)-277(using)-277(timing)-277(information.)-278(A)12(s)-277(such,)-277(it)-277(generates)-277(a)-277(min-)]TJ T* [(imum)-324(numb)-9(er)-324(of)-324(AEX)15(s.)-324(W)78(e)-324(notice)-6(d)-324(that)-324(a)-323(normal)-324(e)7(xe)-7(cution)-324(of)]TJ T* [(the)-311(EdDSA)-311(pr)8(ogram)-311(also)-311(incurs)-311(at)-310(least)-311(1,500)-311(AEX)15(s.)-312(The)-311(OS)-310(at-)]TJ 0.982 0 0 1 53.798 180.294 Tm [(tacker)-255(could)-254(r)8(e)-7(duce)-255(the)-255(numb)-10(er)-255(of)-254(additional)-255(AEX)15(s)-254(\()17(e)10(.g.,)-255(only)-254(1300)]TJ 1.01 0 0 1 53.484 169.335 Tm [(AEX)15(s)-248(for)-247(T)58(-SPM)-247(in)-247(the)-248(demonstrate)-7(d)-247(e)7(xample\))-248(cause)-7(d)-247(by)-248(normal)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 158.376 Tm [(page)-258(faults)-259(and)-258(interrupts,)-258(and)-259(ther)8(efor)8(e)-258(make)-258(the)-259(T)58(-SPM)-258(attack)]TJ 1 0 0 1 53.798 147.417 Tm [(unobser)-15(vable)10(.)]TJ /T1_0 10.909 Tf 0 -23.807 TD [(5)-1000(IMPRO)-37(VING)-250(SP)59(A)63(TIAL)-250(GRAN)-24(ULARI)-37(T)-24(Y)]TJ 15.96 -12.952 Td [(WI)-37(TH)-250(CA)34(CHE-DRAM)-250(A)63(T)-55(T)49(A)34(CKS)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 0.985 0 0 1 53.798 96.96 Tm [(Page-fault)-255(side-channel)-254(attacks)-255(\()12(and)-254(also)-255(the)-255(sneaky)-254(page)-255(monitor-)]TJ 0.996 0 0 1 53.798 86.001 Tm [(ing)-250(attacks)-251(describ)-10(e)-7(d)-250(in)-251(the)-250(pr)8(e)7(vious)-251(se)-7(ction\))-250(only)-250(allo)7(w)-251(attackers)]TJ 1.015 0 0 1 317.955 698.351 Tm [(to)-247(learn)-247(the)-248(enclav)8(e)-247(pr)8(ogram's)-247(memor)-15(y)-247(access)-248(patterns)-247(at)-247(a)-247(page)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 687.392 Tm [(granularity)58(.)-299(Ther)7(efor)8(e)10(,)-299(me)-7(chanisms)-299(that)-299(mix)-299(sensitiv)8(e)-299(co)-7(de)-299(and)]TJ 0 -10.959 TD [(data)-311(into)-311(the)-311(same)-312(pages)-311(hav)8(e)-311(b)-10(e)-7(en)-311(pr)8(op)-7(ose)-7(d)-311(to)-311(defeat)-311(such)-311(at-)]TJ 0.999 0 0 1 317.955 665.474 Tm [(tacks)-250([)]TJ 1 0 0 1 342.218 665.474 Tm (39)Tj 0.999 0 0 1 350.557 665.474 Tm [(].)-250(Intel)-249(also)-250(r)8(e)-7(commends)-250(\020aligning)-249(sp)-7(e)-7(ci\033c)-250(co)-7(de)-250(and)-249(data)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 654.516 Tm [(blo)-7(cks)-327(to)-326(e)7(xist)-327(entir)8(ely)-327(within)-327(a)-326(single)-327(page)10(.)119(\021)-326([)]TJ 1 0 0 1 495.43 654.516 Tm (7)Tj 1.02 0 0 1 499.599 654.516 Tm [(].)-327(Ho)7(w)8(e)6(v)8(er)58(,)-327(the)]TJ 0.999 0 0 1 317.955 643.557 Tm [(e\035e)-7(ctiv)8(eness)-250(of)-250(this)-250(defense)-250(metho)-7(d)-251(is)-250(heavily)-250(conditione)-7(d)-250(on)-250(the)]TJ 0.988 0 0 1 317.955 632.598 Tm [(fact)-253(that)-254(page)-253(granularity)-254(is)-253(the)-253(b)-10(e)-1(s)1(t)-254(spatial)-253(granularity)-254(achie)7(vable)]TJ 1 0 0 1 317.955 621.639 Tm [(by)-250(the)-250(adv)8(ersar)-15(y)59(.)-250(Ho)7(w)8(e)7(v)8(er)59(,)-250(our)-250(study)-250(suggests)-250(it)-250(is)-250(not)-250(the)-250(case)10(.)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 327.918 610.68 Tm [(In)-263(this)-263(se)-7(ction,)-263(w)7(e)-263(demonstrate)-263(thr)8(e)-7(e)-263(attack)-263(metho)-7(ds)-263(to)-264(sho)7(w)]TJ -9.768 -10.959 Td [(that)-302(a)-301(p)-7(o)7(w)8(erful)-302(adv)8(ersar)-15(y)-301(is)-302(able)-301(to)-302(impr)8(o)7(v)8(e)-302(spatial)-301(granularity)]TJ T* [(signi\033cantly)58(.)-390(Particularly)58(,)-390(w)8(e)-389(will)-389(demonstrate)-389(a)-389(cr)7(oss-enclav)8(e)]TJ T* [(Prime+Pr)8(ob)-10(e)-323(cache)-323(attack,)-323(a)-323(cr)8(oss-enclav)7(e)-323(DRAMA)-323(attack,)-323(and)]TJ T* [(a)-284(cache-DRAM)-285(attack.)-284(Be)-7(cause)-285(SGX)-284(do)-284(not)-285(allo)7(w)-284(memor)-15(y)-284(shar-)]TJ T* [(ing)-345(b)-10(etw)8(e)-7(en)-345(enclav)8(es,)-345(the)-345(F)-12(lush+Reload)-345(cache)-345(attacks)-345(that)-345(can)]TJ 0.989 0 0 1 317.955 544.927 Tm [(achie)7(v)8(e)-252(cache-line)-252(granularity)-252(cannot)-252(b)-10(e)-252(conducte)-7(d)-252(against)-252(se)-7(cur)8(e)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 533.968 Tm [(enclav)8(es.)-203(Ho)7(w)8(e)7(v)8(er)61(,)-204(w)9(e)-204(sho)8(w)-204(that)-203(the)-203(cache-DRAM)-203(attack)-203(is)-203(capable)]TJ 0.998 0 0 1 317.955 523.009 Tm [(of)-250(achie)7(ving)-251(the)-250(same)-250(le)7(v)8(el)-251(of)-250(spatial)-250(granularity)-251(against)-250(enclav)8(es.)]TJ /T1_0 10.909 Tf 1 0 0 1 317.955 500.256 Tm [(5.1)-1000(Cr)8(oss-enclav)8(e)-250(Prime+Pr)8(ob)-10(e)-250(\(V)80(e)-7(ctor)-250(7\))]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 486.557 Tm [(Our)-341(e)7(xploration)-341(starts)-342(with)-341(a)-341(validation)-341(of)-341(cr)8(oss-enclav)7(e)-341(cache)]TJ 1.014 0 0 1 317.955 475.598 Tm [(Prime+Pr)8(ob)-10(e)-247(attack.)-247(SGX)-247(is)-247(not)-247(designe)-7(d)-247(to)-247(deal)-247(with)-247(cache)-247(side-)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 464.64 Tm [(channel)-255(attacks.)-255(Ther)8(efor)8(e)10(,)-255(it)-255(is)-255(e)7(xp)-7(e)-7(cte)-8(d)-255(that)-255(kno)7(wn)-255(cache)-255(attacks)]TJ T* [(also)-234(w)9(ork)-234(against)-234(SGX)-233(enclav)8(es.)-234(T)64(o)-233(con\033rm)-234(this,)-234(w)9(e)-234(p)-7(orte)-7(d)-234(GnuPG)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.749 442.722 Tm [(1.4.13)-335(to)-335(Graphene-SGX.)-335(The)-335(algorithm)-335(r)8(ep)-7(eate)-7(dly)-335(de)-7(cr)-14(ypte)-7(d)-335(a)]TJ 0.202 -10.959 Td [(cipherte)7(xt)-262(which)-262(was)-262(encr)-14(ypte)-7(d)-262(with)-262(a)-262(3,072-bit)-262(ElGamal)-262(public)]TJ T* [(ke)7(y)58(,)-300(just)-300(as)-299(the)-300(prior)-300(w)8(ork)-299(\(i.e)9(.,)-299([)]TJ 1 0 0 1 442.073 420.804 Tm (30)Tj 1.02 0 0 1 450.412 420.804 Tm [(]\))-300(did.)-300(GnuPG)-299(uses)-300(Wiener's)]TJ -129.86 -10.959 Td [(table)-299(to)-299(de)-6(cide)-299(subgr)8(oup)-299(sizes)-299(matching)-299(\033eld)-299(sizes)-298(and)-299(adds)-299(a)-299(a)]TJ 0.986 0 0 1 317.955 398.886 Tm [(50%)-253(margin)-253(to)-253(the)-253(se)-7(curity)-254(parameters,)-253(conse)-7(quently)-253(a)-253(private)-253(ke)7(y)]TJ 1.002 0 0 1 317.955 387.927 Tm [(of)-249(403)-248(bits)-249(is)-248(use)-7(d.)-249(In)-248(the)-249(e)7(xp)-7(eriment)-248(an)-249(attack)-248(pr)8(o)-7(cess)-249(monitor)8(e)-7(d)]TJ 1.01 0 0 1 317.623 376.968 Tm [(when)-247(the)-246(victim)-247(enclav)8(e)-247(was)-246(loade)-7(d)-247(and)-246(determine)-7(d)-247(the)-247(physi)1(cal)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 366.009 Tm [(addr)8(ess)-205(of)-206(Squar)8(e-and-Multiply)-205(e)7(xp)-7(onentiation.)-206(With)-205(kno)7(wle)-7(dge)-206(of)]TJ 0.99 0 0 1 317.955 355.051 Tm [(cache)-254(slicing)-253(and)-254(cache)-253(set)-254(mapping)-254([)]TJ 1 0 0 1 454.617 355.051 Tm (24)Tj 0.99 0 0 1 462.956 355.051 Tm [(],)-254(the)-253(attacker)-254(constructe)-7(d)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 344.092 Tm [(e)7(viction)-247(sets)-247(mapp)-7(e)-7(d)-247(to)-246(the)-247(same)-247(cache)-247(sets)-247(as)-247(the)-246(target)-247(addr)8(esses.)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 333.133 Tm [(In)-245(our)-245(e)7(xp)-7(eriment,)-245(with)-245(the)-245(obser)-15(vation)-245(of)-245(only)-245(one)-244(ElGamal)-245(de-)]TJ 0.982 0 0 1 317.955 322.174 Tm [(cr)-15(yption,)-255(w)8(e)-254(could)-255(r)8(e)-7(co)7(v)8(er)-254(all)-255(403)-254(bits)-255(of)-254(the)-255(private)-254(ke)7(y)-255(thr)8(ough)-254(a)]TJ /T1_6 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 317.955 311.215 Tm (Prime+Probe)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 52.956 0 Td [(cache)-250(attack)-250(with)-250(an)-250(err)8(or)-250(rate)-250(of)-250(2.3%.)]TJ 0.986 0 0 1 327.918 300.256 Tm [(This)-254(e)8(xp)-8(eriment)-253(suggest)-254(that)-253(Prime+Pr)8(ob)-10(e)-254(cache)-253(attacks)-254(can)-253(b)-11(e)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 289.297 Tm [(p)-7(erforme)-7(d)-299(in)-300(a)-299(cr)7(oss-enclav)8(e)-299(scenario)10(,)-300(similar)-300(to)-299(the)-300(traditional)]TJ 0.983 0 0 1 317.955 278.338 Tm [(settings.)-253(W)81(e)-253(note)-253(that)-254(Prime+Pr)9(ob)-11(e)-253(attacks)-253(achie)7(v)8(es)-253(a)-253(spatial)-253(gran-)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 267.379 Tm [(ularity)-248(of)-248(a)-249(cache)-248(set,)-248(which)-248(is)-249(16KB)-248(on)-248(a)-248(pr)8(o)-7(cessor)-248(with)-249(a)-248(8196-set)]TJ 1 0 0 1 317.955 256.42 Tm [(LLC)-250(\()12(se)-7(e)-250(T)49(able)-250(1)-250(and)-250(T)49(able)-250(7\).)]TJ /T1_0 10.909 Tf 0 -22.752 TD [(5.2)-1000(Cr)8(oss-enclav)8(e)-250(DRAMA)-250(\(V)80(e)-7(ctor)-250(8\))]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.017 0 0 1 317.686 219.969 Tm [(The)-246(DRAMA)-247(attack)-246(e)7(xploits)-246(shar)8(e)-7(d)-246(DRAM)-247(r)8(o)7(ws)-246(to)-247(e)7(xtract)-246(sensi-)]TJ 1.002 0 0 1 317.955 209.01 Tm [(tiv)8(e)-250(information)-251([)]TJ 1 0 0 1 383.169 209.01 Tm (36)Tj 1.002 0 0 1 391.508 209.01 Tm [(].)-250(In)-251(such)-250(an)-250(attack,)-251(in)-250(or)8(der)-250(to)-251(lea)1(rn)-251(whether)]TJ 1.01 0 0 1 317.955 198.051 Tm [(the)-247(victim)-247(pr)8(o)-7(cess)-248(has)-247(accesse)-7(d)-247(a)-247(virtual)-247(addr)8(ess)]TJ /T1_4 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 498.722 198.051 Tm (d)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.01 0 0 1 503.779 198.051 Tm [(,)-247(the)-247(adv)8(ersar)-15(y)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 187.092 Tm [(allo)-7(cates)-261(tw)8(o)-261(memor)-15(y)-260(blo)-7(cks)-261(that)-261(map)-261(to)-261(the)-261(same)-261(DRAM)-261(bank,)]TJ 1.005 0 0 1 317.623 176.133 Tm [(with)-249(one)-248(sharing)-249(the)-248(same)-249(DRAM)-248(r)8(o)7(w)-249(with)-249(the)-248(physical)-249(memor)-15(y)]TJ 1.013 0 0 1 317.955 165.175 Tm (of)Tj /T1_4 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 327.135 165.175 Tm (d)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.013 0 0 1 332.192 165.175 Tm [(,)-246(which)-246(w)8(e)-246(call)]TJ /T1_4 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 389.194 165.175 Tm (p)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.013 0 0 1 394.027 165.175 Tm [(,)-246(and)-246(the)-246(other)-246(mapp)-7(e)-7(d)-246(to)-246(a)-246(di\035er)8(ent)-246(r)8(o)7(w)-246(on)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 154.216 Tm [(the)-255(same)-255(bank,)-255(which)-255(w)8(e)-255(call)]TJ /T1_4 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 425.238 154.216 Tm (p)Tj /T1_7 7.273 Tf 5.124 3.254 Td (0)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 0.98 0 0 1 433.166 154.216 Tm [(.)-255(The)-255(attack)-255(is)-255(conducte)-7(d)-255(using)-256(the)]TJ 1 0 0 1 317.955 143.257 Tm [(follo)7(wing)-250(steps:)]TJ /T1_7 8.966 Tf 9.963 -11.955 Td (\017)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 6.698 0 Td [(A)12(ccess)-250(the)-250(memor)-15(y)-250(blo)-7(ck)]TJ /T1_4 8.966 Tf 95.563 0 Td (p)Tj /T1_7 7.273 Tf 5.124 3.254 Td (0)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 2.803 -3.254 Td (.)Tj /T1_7 8.966 Tf -110.188 -11.956 Td (\017)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 6.698 0 Td [(W)60(ait)-250(for)-250(some)-250(victim)-250(op)-7(erations.)]TJ /T1_7 8.966 Tf -6.698 -11.955 Td (\017)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 6.698 0 Td [(Measur)8(e)-250(the)-250(access)-250(time)-250(of)-250(memor)-15(y)-250(blo)-7(ck)]TJ /T1_4 8.966 Tf 155.073 0 Td (p)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 4.833 0 Td (.)Tj 1.02 0 0 1 327.918 96.432 Tm [(A)-315(faster)-314(memor)-15(y)-315(access)-314(to)-315(memor)-15(y)-314(blo)-7(ck)]TJ /T1_4 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 488.642 96.432 Tm (p)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 496.353 96.432 Tm [(suggests)-315(the)-314(vic-)]TJ -174.9 -10.959 Td [(tim)-320(pr)8(o)-7(cess)-319(has)-320(pr)8(obably)-319(touche)-7(d)-320(memor)-14(y)-320(addr)8(ess)]TJ /T1_4 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 513.47 85.473 Tm (d)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 521.449 85.473 Tm [(during)-320(its)]TJ 1 0 0 1 303.915 72.727 Tm (9)Tj ET /QITE_maskingtape BMC 1 g 293.8 38.45 26.35 42.95 re f EMC /Artifact <>BDC q 1 0 0 1 54 755.4614258 cm 0 g /GS0 gs /Fm0 Do Q EMC /Artifact <>BDC q 1 0 0 1 355.0029907 755.4614258 cm 0 g /GS0 gs /Fm1 Do Q EMC /Artifact <>BDC q 1 0 0 1 297.8215027 38.5740509 cm 0 g /GS0 gs /Fm2 Do Q EMC endstream endobj 51 0 obj <>stream /
Session K4: Secure Enclaves
CCS’17, October 30-November 3, 2017, Dallas, TX, USA
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[(cally)-248(8)-249(KB\),)-248(false)-248(dete)-7(ction)-249(is)-248(likely)59(.)-248(Ev)8(en)-249(so)10(,)-248(DRAMA)-248(is)-249(sho)7(wn)-248(to)]TJ 1 0 0 1 53.798 504.909 Tm [(e\035e)-7(ctiv)8(ely)-250(dete)-7(ct)-250(the)-250(e)7(xistence)-250(of)-250(ke)7(ystr)8(oke)-250(activities)-250([36].)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 63.761 493.95 Tm [(Dir)8(e)-7(ctly)-179(applying)-179(DRAMA)-179(to)-179(p)-7(erform)-179(cr)8(oss-enclav)8(e)-179(attacks)-179(faces)]TJ 1.018 0 0 1 53.798 482.991 Tm [(se)7(v)8(eral)-246(challenges,)-246(most)-246(of)-246(which)-246(ar)8(e)-246(also)-246(face)-7(d)-246(by)-246(our)-245(design)-246(of)]TJ 1.011 0 0 1 53.798 472.032 Tm [(cache-DRAM)-247(attacks.)-247(Ther)8(efor)8(e)10(,)-247(w)8(e)-247(defer)-248(the)-247(discussion)-247(of)-247(these)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 461.074 Tm [(design)-175(challenges)-175(to)-175(Se)-7(ction)-175(5.3)-175(wher)8(e)-175(w)8(e)-175(detail)-175(the)-175(cache-DRAM)-175(at-)]TJ 0 -10.959 TD [(tacks.)-171(Her)9(e)-171(w)9(e)-170(enumerate)-171(some)-170(limitations)-170(of)-170(cr)8(oss-enclav)8(e)-170(DRAMA)]TJ 1 0 0 1 53.798 439.156 Tm (attacks.)Tj /T1_2 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 63.761 428.197 Tm (First)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf [(,)-254(most)-254(of)-255(the)-254(victim's)-254(memor)-15(y)-254(access)-254(will)-254(b)-10(e)-254(cache)-7(d)-254(\(EPC)]TJ 1.015 0 0 1 53.798 417.238 Tm [(is)-245(cacheable)-246(by)-245(default\),)-245(and)-246(hence)-245(no)-245(information)-246(will)-245(b)-10(e)-245(leake)-7(d)]TJ 0.998 0 0 1 53.798 406.279 Tm [(thr)8(ough)-250(the)-249(use)-250(of)-249(DRAM)-250(r)8(o)7(ws.)-250(While)-249(w)8(e)-250(could)-249(manually)-250(disable)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 395.32 Tm [(cache)-334(by)-334(setting)-334(the)-334(cache)-334(disable)-334(\()10(CD)9(\))-333(bit)-334(of)-335(CR0)-334(for)-334(the)-334(cor)8(e)]TJ T* [(running)-306(the)-306(victim)-305(enclav)8(e)]TJ /T1_1 7.273 Tf 1 0 0 1 155.914 387.616 Tm (3)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 159.794 384.361 Tm [(,)-306(this)-306(w)8(ould)-305(slo)6(w)-305(do)7(wn)-306(the)-306(enclav)8(e)]TJ 1 0 0 1 53.798 373.402 Tm [(pr)8(o)-7(cess)-250(for)-250(appr)8(o)7(ximately)]TJ /T1_3 8.966 Tf 97.653 0 Td (1000)Tj /T1_4 8.966 Tf (\002)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf (.)Tj /T1_2 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 63.761 362.443 Tm [(Se)-7(cond)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf [(,)-330(DRAMA)-329(attacks)-330(may)-330(falsely)-329(dete)-7(ct)-330(r)8(o)7(w)-330(hits)-330(that)-329(ar)7(e)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 351.484 Tm [(unr)8(elate)-7(d)-248(to)-248(the)-247(victim)-248(enclav)8(e)24('s)-247(visit)-248(to)]TJ /T1_5 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 199.056 351.484 Tm (d)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 0.98 0 0 1 204.113 351.484 Tm [(,)-248(b)-10(e)-7(cause)-248(the)-248(8KB)-248(DRAM)]TJ 0.988 0 0 1 53.798 340.526 Tm [(r)8(o)7(w)-253(can)-253(b)-10(e)-253(shar)8(e)-7(d)-253(by)-253(multiple)-253(data)-253(structur)8(e)-253(or)-253(co)-7(de)-253(r)8(egions.)-253(This)]TJ 1 0 0 1 53.798 329.567 Tm [(false)-250(dete)-7(ction,)-250(ho)7(w)8(e)7(v)8(er)59(,)-250(is)-250(v)8(er)-15(y)-250(common)-250(in)-250(our)-250(e)7(xp)-7(eriments.)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 63.761 318.608 Tm (Finally)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf [(,)-254(DRAMA)-253(cannot)-254(achie)7(v)8(e)-253(\033ne-graine)-7(d)-254(spatial)-253(accuracy)58(.)]TJ -10.075 -10.959 Td [(A)12(s)-268(an)-268(e)7(xample)10(,)-268(on)-267(our)-268(test)-267(system)-268(a)-268(memor)-14(y)-268(page)-268(is)-267(distribute)-7(d)]TJ 1.006 0 0 1 53.798 296.69 Tm [(o)7(v)8(er)-248(4)-249(DRAM)-248(r)8(o)7(ws.)-249(In)-248(an)-248(e)7(xtr)8(eme)-249(case)-248(the)-248(attacker)-249(could)-248(o)-7(ccup)7(y)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 285.731 Tm [(an)-246(entir)8(e)-247(r)9(o)7(w)-247(e)7(xcept)-246(a)-246(single)-247(1KB)-246(chunk)-247(for)-246(the)-246(victim)-247(enclav)8(e)-246(and)]TJ T* [(achie)7(v)8(e)-234(a)-235(spatial)-235(a)1(ccuracy)-235(of)-235(1KB)-234(\()12(se)-7(e)-235(T)50(able)-234(7\),)-235(which)-235(is)-234(b)-10(etter)-235(than)]TJ 0.992 0 0 1 53.798 263.813 Tm (the)Tj /T1_6 8.966 Tf 13.915 0 Td (Prime+Probe)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 52.965 0 Td [(cache)-251(attack)-251(\(16)-251(KB\),)-251(ho)7(w)8(e)7(v)8(er)-250(still)-251(w)8(orse)-251(than)-251(a)]TJ /T1_6 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 53.798 252.854 Tm [(Flush+Relo)10(ad)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 58.138 0 Td [(cache)-250(attack)-250(\(64B\).)]TJ /T1_0 10.909 Tf -58.138 -21.356 Td [(5.3)-1000(Cache-DRAM)-250(Attacks)-250(\(V)80(e)-7(ctor)-250(7)-250(&)-250(8\))]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 53.529 217.799 Tm [(T)62(o)-331(impr)8(o)7(v)8(e)-331(cr)8(oss-enclav)8(e)-330(DRAMA)-331(attacks,)-330(w)8(e)-331(pr)8(op)-7(ose)-330(a)-331(no)7(v)8(el)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 206.84 Tm [(cache-DRAM)-238(attack.)-238(W)82(e)-238(sho)7(w)-237(that)-238(by)-238(le)7(v)8(eraging)-237(b)-11(oth)-237(v)8(e)-7(ctor)-238(7)-238(and)]TJ 1.016 0 0 1 53.798 195.881 Tm [(8,)-245(the)-245(adv)8(ersar)-15(y)-245(can)-245(signi\033cantly)-245(impr)8(o)7(v)8(e)-245(the)-245(spatial)-245(granularity)]TJ 1 0 0 1 53.798 184.923 Tm [(of)-250(memor)-15(y)-250(side-channel)-250(attacks.)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf -0.296 -13.948 Td [(T)63(e)-7(chniques.)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 104.991 170.975 Tm [(Particularly)58(,)-307(the)-307(cache-DRAM)-307(attack)-307(is)-307(p)-6(erforme)-7(d)]TJ -50.189 -10.959 Td [(using)-297(tw)7(o)-297(thr)8(eads:)-298(one)-297(thr)8(ead)-297(runs)-298(in)-297(non-enclav)8(e)-298(mo)-6(de)-298(which)]TJ /T1_6 8.966 Tf T* (Prime+Probe)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf [(s)-360(a)-360(cache)-359(set)-360(in)-360(the)-360(last-le)7(v)8(el)-360(cache)-359(in)-360(which)-360(the)]TJ 1.012 0 0 1 53.798 138.098 Tm [(addr)8(ess)]TJ /T1_5 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 83.355 138.098 Tm (d)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.012 0 0 1 90.649 138.098 Tm [(is)-247(mapp)-7(e)-6(d;)-247(the)-247(other)-246(thr)8(ead)-247(conducts)-246(the)-247(cr)8(oss-enclav)8(e)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 127.139 Tm [(DRAMA)-280(without)-280(disabling)-280(caching.)-280(A)12(s)-280(the)]TJ /T1_6 8.966 Tf 160.25 0 Td (Prime+Probe)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 53.225 0 Td (attack)Tj 0.999 0 0 1 53.798 116.18 Tm [(causes)-250(con\036icts)-250(with)]TJ /T1_5 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 131.135 116.18 Tm (d)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 0.999 0 0 1 138.431 116.18 Tm [(in)-250(the)-250(last-le)7(v)8(el)-250(cache)10(,)-250(the)-250(victim)-250(enclav)8(e)24('s)]TJ ET q 1 0 0 1 53.7980042 109.7769928 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 47.821 0 l S Q BT /T1_1 5.48 Tf 53.798 103.607 Td (3)Tj /T1_1 6.974 Tf 1.003 0 0 1 56.844 100.967 Tm [(In)-250(Intel)-251(SGX)-250(pr)8(ogramming)-251(r)8(efer)8(ence)-250([)]TJ 1 0 0 1 165.598 100.967 Tm (1)Tj 1.003 0 0 1 168.841 100.967 Tm [(])-250(it)-251(is)-250(said)-251(that)-250(PRMRR_BASE)-250(r)8(egister)-251(could)]TJ 0.989 0 0 1 53.798 92.996 Tm [(b)-10(e)-252(pr)8(ogramme)-7(d)-252(with)-253(values)-252(UC\(0x0\))-252(to)-252(set)-252(PRM)-252(range)-253(as)-252(uncacheable)10(.)-252(W)81(e)-252(con\033rme)-7(d)]TJ 1 0 0 1 53.798 84.775 Tm [(on)-250(our)-250(platform)-250(that)-250(PRMRR_BASE)-250(r)8(egister)-250(cannot)-250(b)-10(e)-250(change)-7(d)-250(after)-250(system)-250(b)-10(o)-7(ot.)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 296.697 615.868 Td [(T)49(able)-250(6:)-250(Ro)7(w)-250(ranges)-250(for)-250(di\035er)8(ent)-250(PRM)-250(size)10(.)]TJ ET q 1 0 0 1 344.9250031 684.9019928 cm 0.996 w 0 0 m 186.308 0 l S Q BT /T1_0 6.974 Tf 349.906 678.824 Td [(PRM)-250(size)]TJ ET q 1 0 0 1 384.1600037 676.4329987 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_0 6.974 Tf 407.533 678.824 Td [(PRM)-250(range)]TJ ET q 1 0 0 1 466.0469971 676.4329987 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_0 6.974 Tf 471.227 678.824 Td [(DRAM)-250(r)8(o)7(w)-250(range)]TJ ET q 1 0 0 1 344.9250031 676.1840057 cm 0.498 w 0 0 m 186.308 0 l S Q BT /T1_1 6.974 Tf 356.224 670.356 Td (32MB)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 384.1600037 667.9649963 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_1 6.974 Tf 389.77 670.356 Td (0x88000000)Tj /T1_4 7.273 Tf (\030)Tj /T1_1 6.974 Tf (0x89FFFFFF)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 466.0469971 667.9649963 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_1 6.974 Tf 476.725 670.356 Td (0x1100)Tj /T1_4 7.273 Tf (\030)Tj /T1_1 6.974 Tf (0x113F)Tj -120.501 -7.97 Td (64MB)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 384.1600037 659.9949951 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_1 6.974 Tf 389.341 662.386 Td (0x88000000)Tj /T1_4 7.273 Tf (\030)Tj /T1_1 6.974 Tf (0x8BFFFFFF)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 466.0469971 659.9949951 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_1 6.974 Tf 476.725 662.386 Td (0x1100)Tj /T1_4 7.273 Tf (\030)Tj /T1_1 6.974 Tf (0x117F)Tj -122.122 -7.97 Td (128MB)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 384.1600037 652.0249939 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_1 6.974 Tf 389.77 654.416 Td (0x80000000)Tj /T1_4 7.273 Tf (\030)Tj /T1_1 6.974 Tf (0x87FFFFFF)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 466.0469971 652.0249939 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_1 6.974 Tf 476.656 654.416 Td (0x1000)Tj /T1_4 7.273 Tf (\030)Tj /T1_1 6.974 Tf (0x10FF)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 344.9250031 651.5269928 cm 0.996 w 0 0 m 186.308 0 l S Q BT /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.018 0 0 1 317.955 622.164 Tm [(accesses)-246(of)]TJ /T1_5 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 360.258 622.164 Tm (d)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.018 0 0 1 367.564 622.164 Tm [(will)-246(r)8(each)-247(the)-246(DRAM.)-246(The)-247(concept)-246(of)-246(cache-DRAM)]TJ 1.002 0 0 1 317.955 611.205 Tm [(attack)-249(is)-250(sho)7(wn)-249(in)-250(Figur)8(e)-249(5.)-249(Ho)7(w)8(e)7(v)8(er)58(,)-249(to)-249(implement)-250(cache-DRAM)]TJ 1.012 0 0 1 317.955 600.246 Tm [(attacks)-248(against)-249(SGX)-248(enclav)8(es,)-248(one)-248(ne)-7(e)-7(ds)-248(to)-249(addr)8(ess)-248(the)-248(follo)7(wing)]TJ 1 0 0 1 317.955 589.287 Tm (challenges:)Tj /T1_2 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 327.918 578.328 Tm [(First,)-247(shar)8(e)-246(the)-247(DRAM)-247(Bank)-246(and)-247(Ro)7(w)-247(with)]TJ /T1_5 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 482.795 578.328 Tm (d)Tj /T1_2 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 487.852 578.328 Tm (.)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 4.175 0 Td [(The)-247(EPC)-246(memor)-15(y)]TJ -170.74 -10.959 Td [(e)7(xclusiv)8(ely)-296(use)-6(d)-296(by)-295(enclav)8(es)-296(is)-295(alr)8(eady)-295(isolate)-7(d)-296(fr)8(om)-295(the)-295(r)8(est)-296(of)]TJ T* [(the)-268(physical)-268(memor)-15(y)-268(in)-267(DRAMs.)-269(T)62(o)-268(understand)-268(this)-268(artifact,)-268(w)8(e)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 545.451 Tm [(e)7(xplain)-252(the)-253(me)-7(chanism)-252(of)-253(the)-252(DRAM-le)7(v)8(el)-253(isolation)-252(using)-253(our)-252(o)7(wn)]TJ 1.017 0 0 1 317.955 534.492 Tm [(testb)-10(e)-7(d)-245(\(T)48(able)-246(1\))-245(as)-246(an)-245(e)7(xample)9(.)-245(With)-246(the)-245(assumption)-246(of)-245(r)7(o)7(w)-245(bits)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 523.533 Tm [(b)-10(eing)-253(the)-253(most)-252(signi\033cant)-253(bits)-253(in)-253(a)-253(physical)-253(addr)8(ess)-253([)]TJ 1 0 0 1 516.005 523.533 Tm (36)Tj 1.02 0 0 1 524.344 523.533 Tm (,)Tj 1 0 0 1 528.669 523.533 Tm (42)Tj 1.02 0 0 1 537.007 523.533 Tm [(],)-253(any)]TJ -214.757 -10.958 Td [(bit)-274(b)-10(e)7(y)7(ond)-274(bit)-274(19)-275(is)-274(a)-274(r)7(o)7(w)-274(bit)-275(that)-274(determines)-274(the)-275(corr)8(esp)-7(onding)]TJ 1.004 0 0 1 317.955 501.616 Tm [(DRAM)-248(r)8(o)7(w)-248(of)-248(the)-247(physical)-248(addr)8(ess.)-248(With)-248(a)-248(128MB)-248(PRM)-247(\(physical)]TJ 1.006 0 0 1 317.955 490.657 Tm [(memor)-15(y)-247(range)-247(0x80000000)-247(to)-247(0x87FFFFFF\),)-247(no)-247(non-PRM)-247(memor)-15(y)]TJ 0.981 0 0 1 317.623 479.698 Tm [(will)-255(o)-7(ccup)7(y)-255(r)8(o)7(w)-255(numb)-10(er)-255(0x1000)-256(to)-255(0x10FF)25(,)-255(as)-256(sho)8(wn)-256(in)-255(T)50(able)-255(6.)-255(A)12(s)]TJ 1.019 0 0 1 317.955 468.739 Tm [(such,)-244(the)-244(PRM)-244(range)-244(\()17(e)6(xclusiv)8(ely)-244(taken)-244(by)-244(enclav)8(es\))-244(spans)-244(e)7(v)8(er)-15(y)]TJ 0.988 0 0 1 317.955 457.78 Tm [(DRAM)-254(bank)-253(and)-254(o)-7(ccupies)-254(sp)-7(e)-7(ci\033c)-254(sets)-253(of)-254(r)8(o)7(ws)-254(in)-253(each)-254(bank;)-254(these)]TJ 1 0 0 1 317.955 446.821 Tm [(r)8(o)7(ws)-250(ar)8(e)-250(not)-250(shar)8(e)-7(d)-250(with)-250(non-PRM)-250(memor)-15(y)-250(r)8(egions.)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 327.918 435.862 Tm [(T)64(o)-215(o)7(v)9(er)8(come)-215(this)-215(barrier)60(,)-215(w)8(e)-215(le)7(v)8(erage)-215(the)-215(pr)8(o)-7(cessor's)-215(supp)-7(ort)-216(for)]TJ 1.01 0 0 1 317.955 424.903 Tm [(running)-247(multiple)-246(enclav)8(e)-247(pr)8(ograms)-247(concurr)8(ently)-246(to)-247(carr)-15(y)-246(out)-247(the)]TJ 1.009 0 0 1 317.955 413.944 Tm [(DRAMA)-248(attacks)-248(fr)8(om)-248(another)-248(enclav)8(e)-247(pr)7(ogram)-247(contr)8(olle)-7(d)-248(by)-248(the)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 402.985 Tm [(adv)8(ersar)-15(y)60(.)-256(Since)-256(b)-10(oth)-256(pr)9(ograms)-256(op)-7(erate)-256(inside)-256(enclav)8(es,)-255(the)7(y)-256(shar)8(e)]TJ 0 -10.958 TD [(the)-230(EPC)-230(memor)-15(y)-230(range)10(.)-230(The)-229(adv)8(ersar)-16(y)-229(can)-230(manage)-230(to)-230(co-lo)-7(cate)-230(the)]TJ 1.001 0 0 1 317.955 381.068 Tm [(memor)-15(y)-250(page)-250(with)-250(the)-249(target)-250(enclav)8(e)-250(memor)-15(y)-250(on)-250(the)-250(same)-249(banks)]TJ 0.997 0 0 1 317.955 370.109 Tm [(and)-251(e)7(v)8(en)-252(the)-251(same)-252(r)8(o)7(ws,)-251(as)-252(illustrate)-7(d)-251(in)-252(Figur)8(e)-251(5.)-251(Sp)-7(e)-8(ci\033call)1(y)59(,)-252(w)8(e)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 359.15 Tm [(\033rst)-237(identi\033e)-7(d)-236(the)-237(physical)-237(addr)8(ess)-236(of)-237(inter)8(est)-236(in)-237(the)-237(victim)-236(enclav)8(e)10(.)]TJ 1.002 0 0 1 317.686 348.191 Tm [(This)-249(can)-249(b)-10(e)-249(achie)7(v)8(e)-7(d)-249(by)-249(r)8(eading)-249(the)-249(page)-249(tables)-249(dir)8(e)-7(ctly)59(.)-250(Then)-249(w)8(e)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 337.232 Tm [(allo)-7(cate)-7(d)-231(a)-231(large)-231(chunk)-231(of)-231(memor)-15(y)-231(bu\035er)-231(in)-231(the)-231(sp)7(ying)-231(enclav)8(e)-231(and)]TJ 0 -10.959 TD [(determine)-7(d)-235(their)-234(physical)-235(addr)8(esses.)-234(Using)-235(the)-234(r)8(e)7(v)8(erse-engine)-7(ering)]TJ 1.013 0 0 1 317.955 315.314 Tm [(to)-7(ol)-246(pr)8(o)7(vide)-7(d)-247(by)-246(the)-246(original)-247(DRAMA)-246(attack)-246([)]TJ 1 0 0 1 488.553 315.314 Tm (36)Tj 1.013 0 0 1 496.891 315.314 Tm [(],)-246(w)8(e)-247(picke)-7(d)-246(tw)8(o)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 304.355 Tm [(memor)-15(y)-198(addr)8(esses)]TJ /T1_5 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 385.394 304.355 Tm (p)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 0.98 0 0 1 391.966 304.355 Tm (and)Tj /T1_5 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 406.48 304.355 Tm (p)Tj /T1_4 7.273 Tf 5.124 3.255 Td (0)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 0.98 0 0 1 414.408 304.355 Tm [(,)-198(as)-198(state)-7(d)-198(ab)-10(o)7(v)8(e)11(.)-199(The)-197(attack)-198(is)-198(illustrate)-7(d)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 293.396 Tm [(as)-296(in)-297(Figur)8(e)-297(5.)]TJ /T1_5 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 373.564 293.396 Tm (p)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 381.108 293.396 Tm (and)Tj /T1_5 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 397.135 293.396 Tm (p)Tj /T1_4 7.273 Tf 5.124 3.255 Td (0)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 407.774 293.396 Tm [(ar)8(e)-297(accesse)-6(d)-297(in)-296(turns)-297(without)-296(any)-297(delay)58(.)]TJ -88.322 -10.958 Td [(The)-272(access)-271(latency)-272(of)-271(memor)-15(y)-271(blo)-7(ck)]TJ /T1_5 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 456.021 282.438 Tm (p)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 463.337 282.438 Tm [(is)-272(measur)8(e)-7(d)-271(to)-272(determine)]TJ -142.857 -10.959 Td [(whether)-275(the)-275(target)-275(addr)8(ess)]TJ /T1_5 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 420.289 271.479 Tm (d)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 427.862 271.479 Tm [(in)-275(the)-275(victim)-275(enclav)8(e)-276(has)-275(just)-275(b)-10(e)-6(en)]TJ 1 0 0 1 317.731 260.52 Tm [(visite)-7(d.)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 327.918 249.561 Tm [(Se)-7(cond,)-318(obtain)-317(\033ne-graine)-7(d)-318(timers)-318(in)-318(enclav)8(es.)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 169.805 0 Td [(An)-318(une)7(xp)-7(e)-7(cte)-6(d)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 238.602 Tm [(challenge)-235(in)-235(e)7(xe)-7(cuting)-235(this)-236(attack)-235(is)-235(the)-235(lack)-235(of)-235(a)-236(r)9(eliable)-236(clo)-7(ck.)-235(The)]TJ T* [(SGX)55(v1)-188(pr)9(o)-8(cessor)-187(family)-188(do)-7(es)-188(not)-187(pr)8(o)7(vide)-188(timing)-187(information)-188(within)]TJ T* [(an)-217(enclav)9(e:)-217(the)-217(instructions)-216(such)-217(as)]TJ /T1_7 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 445.51 216.684 Tm (RDTSC)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 0.98 0 0 1 469.828 216.684 Tm (and)Tj /T1_7 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 484.956 216.684 Tm (RDTSCP)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 0.98 0 0 1 513.757 216.684 Tm [(ar)8(e)-216(not)-217(valid)]TJ 1.017 0 0 1 317.955 205.725 Tm [(for)-244(enclav)8(e)-245(pr)8(ograms.)-244(T)62(o)-245(measur)8(e)-244(time)10(,)-244(a)-245(straightfor)-14(war)7(d)-244(way)-244(is)]TJ 1.016 0 0 1 317.955 194.766 Tm [(making)-247(system)-247(calls,)-248(which)-247(is)-247(heav)-15(y)-14(w)7(eight,)-247(slo)7(w)-247(and)-247(inaccurate)10(,)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 183.807 Tm [(due)-333(to)-333(the)-333(variation)-333(in)-333(the)-333(time)-333(for)-333(pr)8(o)-7(cessing)]TJ /T1_7 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 498.811 183.807 Tm (EEXIT)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 524.271 183.807 Tm [(and)-333(calls.)]TJ -202.578 -10.959 Td [(A)-270(much)-270(mor)8(e)-271(lightw)8(eight)-270(solution)-270(w)8(e)-270(come)-271(up)-270(with)-270(utilizes)-270(the)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 161.89 Tm [(obser)-15(vation)-236(that)-235(an)-235(enclav)8(e)-235(pr)8(o)-7(cess)-236(can)-235(access)-235(the)-235(memor)-16(y)-235(outside)]TJ 1.008 0 0 1 317.623 150.931 Tm [(without)-249(mo)-7(de-switch.)-250(Ther)8(efor)8(e)-249(w)8(e)-250(can)-249(r)8(eser)-15(v)8(e)-249(a)-250(memor)-15(y)-249(bu\035er)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 139.972 Tm [(for)-198(smuggling)-198(CP)-50(U)-197(cy)8(cle)-198(counts)-198(into)-198(the)-198(attack)-197(enclav)8(e)10(.)-198(Sp)-7(e)-7(ci\033cally)60(,)]TJ T* [(a)-194(thr)8(ea)1(d)-194(outside)-194(the)-193(enclav)8(e)-194(continuously)-194(dumps)-193(the)-194(cy)8(cle)-193(counts)-194(to)]TJ T* [(the)-250(bu\035er)-250(and)-249(the)-250(attack)-250(thr)8(ead)-249(inside)-250(continuously)-250(r)8(eads)-249(fr)8(om)-250(the)]TJ 1.004 0 0 1 317.955 107.095 Tm [(bu\035er)59(.)-250(Although)-251(the)-250(race)-250(condition)-250(b)-10(etw)8(e)-7(en)-251(them)-250(brings)-250(in)-250(noise)]TJ T* [(o)-7(ccasionally)-248(due)-247(to)-248(our)-248(av)8(oidance)-247(of)-248(mute)7(x)-248(for)-248(supp)-7(orting)-247(timely)]TJ 0.988 0 0 1 317.955 85.177 Tm [(interactions)-254(b)-11(etw)9(e)-8(en)-254(the)-254(thr)8(eads,)-255(most)-254(of)-255(the)-254(time)-255(w)9(e)-255(successfully)]TJ 1 0 0 1 301.728 72.727 Tm (10)Tj ET /QITE_maskingtape BMC 1 g 293.8 38.45 26.35 42.95 re f EMC /Artifact <>BDC q 1 0 0 1 54 755.4614258 cm 0 g /GS0 gs /Fm1 Do Q EMC /Artifact <>BDC q 1 0 0 1 355.0029907 755.4614258 cm 0 g /GS0 gs /Fm2 Do Q EMC /Artifact <>BDC q 1 0 0 1 297.7269897 38.5740509 cm 0 g /GS0 gs /Fm3 Do Q EMC endstream endobj 56 0 obj <>stream hTn0E|DDCM=!E*מKtf|gÍv`N4i:CKgJDәy!~Eŧ4S v(~iv7qw>y/WאGGNq,(KPj|z1 H"aVKi ^H줔i?)Q)6QBVrz\>ʒ)cJ@)SJ=S^1 '5jE %QJAWd 芜)ـ%HԀLE ɔ^rOL- t BɌq4=%^QF~.b>stream hޚ #R` endstream endobj 58 0 obj <>stream h޴`UEϭ/ /$T靐$I `*[AE*TDTP,Ȯ  EFQ ܹG;Νr朙yQ$-"m#=?vLwSDJ+"s O~"QM?Sڕ Ɲk Rg"jl}O,9ܜqOOclroA*`NI&Eȟ⢙`;Wr}mrREG%ӋJ.$3gI_} 3VPXA;T #Kt]S/VkGuMLk&8mQkCxZyݍKv;!Q"(-LR\J=҂TSE&5 .Z'D镐k'^ ZC7kPEWky*)t'͡4*t/bZB-y)*AZFrZAJ#GQZMh58D,) =C߄L!"d==Чʩ8y-^gm]^ zUz^]="CSޤﴗbN*@A0>:H0Fݩ?Eϐ_2՗H DHi|.bO>B/F.'UV~yJ3s=gϢ?ϏxiޗckHm1e[= }WmJҢ~:7tLzvG[˨ڶ_!Ãpgt8f;q: yա!_]DV 吘}F+OWBb(&dZD(JMR[BH՘:WDV.B*7)ѐ Jc%rܬ)͂b܈(J/r6 )mSf-6J[<ߦtT:)]ni {#p) i*]4NhH-[mlzJk6%Wy-R,4%chQbWY?)uJ:Kzm<+)1G;tHNAd7O^={tֵKNm۴n<1!uj׬2 , J}>=ѓٚJUS&!Ivʤ@J%ݓznN}S=ʈ/+R=yniʵž:-}-<6'ZyR|-=(,kHH*9}jH 1?' 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Session K4: Secure Enclaves
CCS’17, October 30-November 3, 2017, Dallas, TX, USA
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[(/)-67(/)-752(a)-86(d)-86(d)-85(i)-86(n)-86(g)-760(t)-75(w)-75(o)-759(s)-83(m)-83(a)-84(l)-83(l)-772(i)-89(n)-89(t)-89(e)-89(g)-89(e)-89(r)-89(s)]TJ /T1_1 4.981 Tf -13.873 -6.974 Td (7)Tj /T1_2 5.978 Tf 13.873 0 Td [(i)-67(f)-116(\()-742(A)-92(R)-91(E)-92(_)-92(I)-91(N)-92(T)-92(O)-91(B)-92(J)-92(S)-141(\()-710(o)-60(p)-60(L)-170(,)-725(o)-75(p)-75(R)-125(\))-700(\))-700({)]TJ /T1_1 4.981 Tf -13.873 -6.974 Td (8)Tj /T1_2 5.978 Tf 21.046 0 Td [(i)-67(f)-116(\()-142(S)-92(U)-91(M)-92(_)-92(I)-91(N)-92(T)-92(O)-91(B)-92(J)-92(S)-141(\()-110(s)-60(u)-60(m)-170(,)-710(o)-60(p)-60(L)-170(,)-726(o)-75(p)-75(R)-125(\))-100(\))]TJ /T1_1 4.981 Tf -21.046 -6.974 Td (9)Tj /T1_2 5.978 Tf 28.333 0 Td [(r)-86(e)-85(t)-86(u)-86(r)-86(n)-760(s)-75(u)-75(m)-125(;)]TJ /T1_1 4.981 Tf -30.649 -6.974 Td (10)Tj /T1_2 5.978 Tf 23.362 0 Td [(c)-67(s)-716(=)-741(I)-91(N)-91(T)-91(_)-91(I)-91(N)-91(T)-91(O)-91(B)-91(J)-140(\()-125(o)-75(p)-75(L)-125(\))-100(+)-141(I)-91(N)-91(T)-91(_)-91(I)-91(N)-91(T)-91(O)-91(B)-91(J)-141(\()-125(o)-75(p)-75(R)-125(\))-100(;)]TJ /T1_1 4.981 Tf -23.362 -6.973 Td (11)Tj /T1_2 5.978 Tf 23.362 0 Td [(/)-67(/)-741(.)-75(.)-75(.)]TJ /T1_1 4.981 Tf -23.362 -6.974 Td (12)Tj /T1_2 5.978 Tf 16.089 0 Td (})Tj /T1_1 4.981 Tf -16.089 -6.974 Td (13)Tj /T1_2 5.978 Tf 16.189 0 Td [(/)-67(/)-752(a)-86(d)-86(d)-85(i)-86(n)-86(g)-760(o)-75(n)-75(e)-759(l)-83(a)-83(r)-84(g)-83(e)-771(i)-87(n)-88(t)-87(e)-88(g)-87(e)-88(r)-763(a)-75(n)-75(d)-758(s)-83(m)-84(a)-83(l)-83(l)-771(i)-88(n)-87(t)-88(e)-87(g)-88(e)-87(r)]TJ /T1_1 4.981 Tf -16.189 -6.974 Td (14)Tj /T1_2 5.978 Tf 16.269 0 Td [(e)-80(l)-80(s)-80(e)-747(i)-66(f)-117(\()-740(I)-90(S)-90(_)-90(I)-90(N)-90(T)-90(O)-90(B)-90(J)-140(\()-125(o)-75(p)-75(L)-125(\))-717(|)-66(|)-757(I)-90(S)-90(_)-90(I)-90(N)-90(T)-90(O)-90(B)-90(J)-140(\()-125(o)-75(p)-75(R)-125(\))-700(\))-700({)]TJ /T1_1 4.981 Tf -16.269 -6.974 Td (15)Tj /T1_2 5.978 Tf 23.362 0 Td [(/)-67(/)-741(.)-75(.)-75(.)]TJ /T1_1 4.981 Tf -23.362 -6.974 Td (16)Tj /T1_2 5.978 Tf 16.089 0 Td (})Tj /T1_1 4.981 Tf -16.089 -6.974 Td (17)Tj /T1_2 5.978 Tf 16.189 0 Td [(/)-67(/)-741(a)-75(d)-75(d)-750(t)-75(w)-75(o)-759(l)-83(a)-83(r)-84(g)-83(e)-772(i)-89(n)-89(t)-89(e)-89(g)-89(e)-89(r)-89(s)]TJ /T1_1 4.981 Tf -16.189 -6.973 Td (18)Tj /T1_2 5.978 Tf 16.269 0 Td [(e)-80(l)-80(s)-80(e)-730({)]TJ /T1_1 4.981 Tf -16.269 -6.974 Td (19)Tj /T1_2 5.978 Tf 23.362 0 Td [(/)-67(/)-741(.)-75(.)-75(.)]TJ /T1_1 4.981 Tf -23.362 -6.974 Td (20)Tj /T1_2 5.978 Tf 16.089 0 Td (})Tj /T1_1 4.981 Tf -16.089 -6.974 Td (21)Tj /T1_2 5.978 Tf 8.916 0 Td (})Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 65.753006 425.2050018 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 228.291 0 l S Q BT /T1_0 8.966 Tf 72.741 401.544 Td [(Figur)8(e)-250(7:)-250(An)-250(input-dep)-7(endent)-250(branch)-250(in)-250(Gap)-250(4.8.6.)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 0.998 0 0 1 53.798 362.944 Tm [(obser)-15(v)8(e)-7(d)-251(a)-251(timing)-251(di\035er)8(ence)-251(b)-10(etw)8(e)-7(en)-251(a)-250(r)8(o)7(w)-251(hit)-251(and)-251(a)-251(r)8(o)7(w)-251(con\036ict)]TJ 0.993 0 0 1 53.467 351.986 Tm [(when)-252(pr)8(obing)-253(the)-252(target)-253(enclav)8(e)-252(addr)8(esses.)-253(W)81(e)-253(use)-252(this)-253(metho)-7(d)-252(to)]TJ 1 0 0 1 53.798 341.027 Tm [(measur)8(e)-250(the)-250(access)-250(latency)-250(of)]TJ /T1_3 8.966 Tf 109.838 0 Td (p)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 4.833 0 Td (.)Tj /T1_0 8.966 Tf -114.671 -13.948 Td (Evaluation.)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.012 0 0 1 102.338 327.079 Tm [(First)-247(w)8(e)-246(e)7(valuate)-247(the)-246(accuracy)-247(of)-246(the)-247(timer)-246(w)7(e)-246(build)]TJ 0.994 0 0 1 53.798 316.12 Tm [(for)-251(the)-250(attack.)-251(W)80(e)-250(designe)-7(d)-251(a)-251(simple)-251(enclav)8(e)-250(pr)8(o)-7(cess)-251(continuously)]TJ 1.018 0 0 1 53.574 305.161 Tm (visiting)Tj /T1_3 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 83.274 305.161 Tm (d)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.018 0 0 1 90.566 305.161 Tm (with)Tj /T1_2 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 109.888 305.161 Tm (clflush)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.018 0 0 1 143.506 305.161 Tm [(instruction)-245(for)8(cing)-245(the)-245(memor)-14(y)-245(accesses)]TJ 1.019 0 0 1 53.798 294.202 Tm [(to)-244(r)7(each)-244(a)-244(DRAM)-245(r)8(o)7(w)58(.)-244(An)-245(e)7(valuator)-244(enclav)8(e)-245(utilize)-7(d)-244(the)-244(timer)-245(to)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 283.243 Tm [(measur)8(e)-255(the)-255(access)-255(latency)-256(of)]TJ /T1_3 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 161.657 283.243 Tm (p)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 0.98 0 0 1 168.732 283.243 Tm [(\(the)-255(addr)8(ess)-255(on)-255(the)-256(same)-255(r)8(o)8(w)-256(as)]TJ /T1_3 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 285.422 283.243 Tm (d)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 0.98 0 0 1 290.479 283.243 Tm (\),)Tj 1.002 0 0 1 53.798 272.284 Tm [(as)-249(w)8(ell)-249(as)-250(the)-249(access)-249(latency)-249(of)]TJ /T1_3 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 168.139 272.284 Tm (p)Tj /T1_4 7.273 Tf 5.123 3.255 Td (0)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.002 0 0 1 178.305 272.284 Tm [(\(the)-249(addr)8(ess)-249(on)-250(a)-249(di\035er)8(ent)-249(r)8(o)7(w)17(\),)]TJ 0.985 0 0 1 53.592 261.326 Tm [(1)-254(million)-254(times)-255(each.)-254(Figur)8(e)-254(6)-254(sho)7(ws)-255(the)-254(distributions)-254(of)-254(the)-254(access)]TJ 1.015 0 0 1 53.798 250.367 Tm [(latency)-245(measur)7(e)-6(d)-246(by)-245(the)-246(e)7(valuator)-245(enclav)7(e)-245(during)-245(these)-246(accesses.)]TJ 0.994 0 0 1 53.484 239.408 Tm [(A)12(s)-251(w)8(e)-252(se)-7(e)-251(her)8(e)-252(the)-251(cases)-252(of)-251(DRAM)-252(r)8(o)7(w)-251(hit)-252(can)-251(b)-10(e)-252(easily)-251(identi\033e)-7(d)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 228.449 Tm [(base)-7(d)-304(on)-304(the)-304(timing)-303(di\035er)7(ence)-303(obser)-15(v)8(e)-7(d)-304(thr)8(ough)-304(our)-304(timer)-304(\(the)]TJ 1 0 0 1 53.798 217.49 Tm [(left-most)-250(part)-250(of)-250(its)-250(distribution\).)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 63.761 206.531 Tm [(A)12(s)-247(an)-247(e)7(xample)11(,)-247(w)8(e)-247(p)-7(orte)-7(d)-247(Gap)-247(4.8.6)-247(to)-247(Graphene-SGX,)-247(targeting)]TJ -10.166 -10.959 Td [(an)-229(input-dep)-7(endent)-229(branch)-229(which)-228(is)-229(illustrate)-7(d)-229(in)-229(Figur)8(e)-228(7.)-229(Gap)-229(is)-229(a)]TJ 0 -10.959 TD [(softwar)8(e)-254(package)-255(implementing)-255(various)-254(algebra)-255(algorithms.)-254(It)-255(uses)]TJ T* [(a)-239(non-integer)-238(data)-239(typ)-7(e)-239(for)-238(values)-239(that)-238(cannot)-239(\033t)-239(into)-238(29)-239(bits,)-238(other-)]TJ -0.338 -10.959 Td [(wise)-229(the)-230(values)-229(ar)8(e)-229(stor)8(e)-7(d)-230(as)-229(imme)-7(diate)-229(integers.)-230(In)-229(our)-230(e)8(xp)-8(eriment)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.467 151.736 Tm [(w)8(e)-245(had)-244(the)-245(victim)-244(enclav)7(e)-244(running)-245(the)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 199.325 151.736 Tm (SumInt)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 228.461 151.736 Tm [(op)-7(eration)-244(e)6(v)8(er)-14(y)-245(5)]TJ /T1_5 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 53.933 140.778 Tm (\026)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.001 0 0 1 58.55 140.778 Tm [(s.)-249(W)80(e)-250(set)-249(the)-249(range)-249(for)-249(a)-250(r)8(o)7(w)-249(hit)-249(dete)-7(ction)-249(as)-250(within)-249(400-426)-249(cpu)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 129.819 Tm [(cy)8(cles.)-243(T)64(o)-244(furthe)1(r)-244(r)8(e)-7(duce)-243(false)-244(p)-7(ositiv)8(es)-243(br)8(ought)-243(by)-244(pr)8(efetching,)-243(w)8(e)]TJ 1.013 0 0 1 53.798 118.86 Tm [(disable)-7(d)-247(har)8(dwar)8(e)-247(pr)8(efetches)-247(on)-247(the)-247(victim)-247(cor)8(e)-247(by)-247(up)-7(dating)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 280.595 118.86 Tm (MSR)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 0.999 0 0 1 53.798 107.901 Tm [(0x1A4.)-249(With)-249(the)-249(cache-DRAM)-249(attack)-249(targeting)-249(the)-249(instructions)-249(in)]TJ 0.984 0 0 1 53.798 96.942 Tm [(line)-253(8,)-254(our)-253(attack)-253(enclav)8(e)-253(could)-253(dete)-8(ct)-253(whether)-253(the)-253(branch)-254(in)-253(line)-253(7)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.467 85.983 Tm [(was)-244(taken)-244(with)-244(a)-244(pr)8(obability)-244(of)-244(14.6%)-245(and)-244(<1%)-244(false)-244(p)-7(ositiv)8(e)-244(rate)10(.)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 338.651 700.643 Tm [(T)49(able)-250(7:)-250(Analysis)-250(of)-250(side-channel)-250(attack)-250(surfaces.)]TJ ET q 1 0 0 1 338.8869934 684.9019928 cm 0.996 w 0 0 m 198.383 0 l S Q BT /T1_0 6.974 Tf 369.808 678.824 Td [(V)80(e)-7(ctors)]TJ ET q 1 0 0 1 424.1920013 676.4329987 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_0 6.974 Tf 429.373 678.824 Td [(A)12(ccuracy)]TJ ET q 1 0 0 1 463.7460022 676.4329987 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_0 6.974 Tf 472.04 678.824 Td (AEX)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 494.7489929 676.4329987 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_0 6.974 Tf 499.93 678.824 Td [(Slo)7(w)8(do)7(wn)]TJ ET q 1 0 0 1 338.8869934 676.1840057 cm 0.498 w 0 0 m 198.383 0 l S Q BT /T1_0 6.974 Tf 344.364 670.356 Td (i/dCache)Tj /T1_6 6.974 Tf 29.464 0 Td (Prime+Probe)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 424.1920013 667.9649963 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_1 6.974 Tf 437.372 670.356 Td (2MB)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 463.7460022 667.9649963 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_1 6.974 Tf 472.807 670.356 Td (high)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 494.7489929 667.9649963 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_1 6.974 Tf 509.669 670.356 Td (high)Tj /T1_0 6.974 Tf -165.801 -7.97 Td [(L2)-250(Cache)]TJ /T1_6 6.974 Tf 30.455 0 Td (Prime+Probe)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 424.1920013 659.9949951 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_1 6.974 Tf 434.833 662.386 Td (128KB)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 463.7460022 659.9949951 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_1 6.974 Tf 472.807 662.386 Td (high)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 494.7489929 659.9949951 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_1 6.974 Tf 509.669 662.386 Td (high)Tj /T1_0 6.974 Tf -165.801 -7.97 Td [(L3)-250(Cache)]TJ /T1_6 6.974 Tf 30.455 0 Td (Prime+Probe)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 424.1920013 652.0249939 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_1 6.974 Tf 436.455 654.416 Td (16KB)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 463.7460022 652.0249939 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_1 6.974 Tf 472.152 654.416 Td (none)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 494.7489929 652.0249939 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_1 6.974 Tf 505.788 654.416 Td [(mo)-7(dest)]TJ /T1_0 6.974 Tf -141.615 -7.97 Td [(page)-250(faults)]TJ ET q 1 0 0 1 424.1920013 644.0549927 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_1 6.974 Tf 438.076 646.446 Td (4KB)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 463.7460022 644.0549927 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_1 6.974 Tf 472.807 646.446 Td (high)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 494.7489929 644.0549927 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_1 6.974 Tf 509.669 646.446 Td (high)Tj /T1_0 6.974 Tf -141.96 -7.97 Td [(B/T)59(-SPM)]TJ ET q 1 0 0 1 424.1920013 636.0850067 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_1 6.974 Tf 438.076 638.476 Td (4KB)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 463.7460022 636.0850067 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_1 6.974 Tf 468.926 638.476 Td [(mo)-7(dest)]TJ ET q 1 0 0 1 494.7489929 636.0850067 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_1 6.974 Tf 505.788 638.476 Td [(mo)-7(dest)]TJ /T1_0 6.974 Tf -137.675 -7.97 Td [(H)-37(T)59(-SPM)]TJ ET q 1 0 0 1 424.1920013 628.1150055 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_1 6.974 Tf 438.076 630.506 Td (4KB)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 463.7460022 628.1150055 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_1 6.974 Tf 472.152 630.506 Td (none)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 494.7489929 628.1150055 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_1 6.974 Tf 505.788 630.506 Td [(mo)-7(dest)]TJ /T1_0 6.974 Tf -159.636 -7.97 Td [(cr)8(oss-enclav)8(e)-250(DRAMA)]TJ ET q 1 0 0 1 424.1920013 620.1439972 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_1 6.974 Tf 438.076 622.536 Td (1KB)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 463.7460022 620.1439972 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_1 6.974 Tf 472.152 622.536 Td (none)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 494.7489929 620.1439972 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_1 6.974 Tf 509.669 622.536 Td (high)Tj /T1_0 6.974 Tf -149.056 -7.971 Td (cache-DRAM)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 424.1920013 612.173996 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_1 6.974 Tf 438.676 614.565 Td (64B)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 463.7460022 612.173996 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_1 6.974 Tf 472.152 614.565 Td (none)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 494.7489929 612.173996 cm 0.398 w 0 0 m 0 7.97 l S Q BT /T1_1 6.974 Tf 504.306 614.565 Td (minimal)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 338.8869934 611.6759949 cm 0.996 w 0 0 m 198.383 0 l S Q BT /T1_1 8.966 Tf 0.981 0 0 1 317.955 583.7 Tm [(Mor)8(e)-7(o)7(v)8(er)60(,)-255(w)8(e)-256(only)-256(obser)-15(v)8(e)-7(d)-256(a)-256(2%)-256(slo)7(w)8(do)7(wn)-256(of)-256(enclav)9(e)-256(pr)8(ogram)-256(in)]TJ 1 0 0 1 317.955 572.741 Tm [(our)-250(e)7(xp)-7(eriment.)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 0 -13.947 TD (Discussion.)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.011 0 0 1 366.135 558.794 Tm [(The)-247(cache-DRAM)-246(attack)-247(achie)7(v)8(es)-247(a)-247(spatial)-246(accuracy)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 547.835 Tm [(of)-249(64)-249(byte)-250(which)-249(is)-249(as)-249(accurate)-249(as)-250(the)]TJ /T1_7 8.966 Tf 137.831 0 Td [(Flush+Relo)10(ad)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 58.129 0 Td [(cache)-249(attacks.)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 536.876 Tm [(In)-336(the)-336(meanwhile)-336(it)-336(ensur)8(es)-336(that)-335(only)-336(the)-336(targete)-7(d)-336(cache)-336(set)-336(is)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 525.917 Tm [(prime)-7(d)-220(which)-219(further)-220(r)8(e)-7(duces)-220(the)-219(false)-220(p)-7(ositiv)8(es)-220(cause)-7(d)-219(by)-220(accesses)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 514.958 Tm [(of)-348(shar)8(e)-7(d)-348(DRAM)-347(r)8(o)6(ws.)-348(The)-348(attack)-348(can)-347(b)-10(e)-348(mor)8(e)-348(p)-7(o)7(w)8(erful)-348(for)-348(a)]TJ 1.008 0 0 1 317.955 503.999 Tm [(de)-7(dicate)-7(d)-247(attacker)-248(by)-247(r)8(eser)-15(ving)-247(a)-248(DRAM)-247(bank)-248(e)7(xclusiv)8(ely)-247(for)-247(the)]TJ 1 0 0 1 317.731 493.04 Tm [(victim)-250(and)-250(sp)7(ying)-250(enclav)8(es.)]TJ /T1_0 10.909 Tf 0.224 -22.591 Td [(6)-1000(MI)-37(TIGA)63(TION)-250(AND)-250(DISCUSSION)]TJ 0 -15.691 TD [(6.1)-1000(Analysis)-250(of)-250(Attack)-250(Surfaces)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 0.98 0 0 1 317.686 441.059 Tm [(T)50(able)-242(7)-242(summarizes)-242(the)-242(characteristics)-242(of)-242(the)-242(memor)-16(y)-242(side-channel)]TJ 1.016 0 0 1 317.955 430.1 Tm [(attacks)-246(disco)7(v)8(er)8(e)-7(d)-246(o)7(v)8(er)-246(di\035er)8(ent)-246(v)8(e)-7(ctors.)-245(The)-246(data)-246(her)8(e)-246(w)8(er)8(e)-246(col-)]TJ 0.999 0 0 1 317.955 419.141 Tm [(le)-7(cte)-7(d)-249(fr)8(om)-250(the)-249(system)-250(con\033guration)-249(in)-249(T)49(able)-250(1)-249(and)-250(a)-249(PRM)-250(size)-249(of)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.749 408.182 Tm [(128MB.)-246(The)-247(value)-246(under)-247(the)]TJ /T1_8 8.966 Tf 105.363 0 Td [(A)12(ccuracy)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 35.7 0 Td [(column)-246(sho)7(ws)-247(the)-246(spatial)-246(ac-)]TJ -140.853 -10.959 Td [(curacy)-235(of)-235(the)-235(attack)-235(v)9(e)-8(ctors.)-235(For)-235(e)8(xample)10(,)-235(the)-235(iCache)]TJ /T1_7 8.966 Tf 194.436 0 Td (Prime+Probe)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 0.992 0 0 1 317.955 386.265 Tm [(channel)-252(has)-253(an)-252(accuracy)-252(of)-253(2MB)-252(\(i.e)10(.,)-252(128MB/64\):)-253(that)-252(is,)-252(dete)-7(cting)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 375.306 Tm [(one)-196(cache)-197(miss)-196(in)-196(one)-197(of)-196(the)-196(iCache)-197(sets)-196(could)-196(pr)8(obably)-196(mean)-197(any)-196(of)]TJ 0 -10.959 TD [(2MB)-207(of)-208(the)-207(physical)-208(memor)-15(y)-207(b)-11(eing)-207(accesse)-7(d.)-208(The)-207(larger)-208(the)-207(numb)-10(er)]TJ T* [(is,)-244(the)-244(coarser-graine)-7(d)-244(the)-244(v)8(e)-7(ctor)-244(will)-243(b)-11(e)11(.)-244(The)-244(attack)-244(with)-244(the)-244(\033nest)]TJ T* [(granularity)-205(is)-204(the)-205(cache-DRAM)-205(attack,)-204(which)-205(is)-204(64)-205(bytes,)-205(e)-7(quivalent)]TJ T* [(to)-234(the)]TJ /T1_7 8.966 Tf 23.222 0 Td [(Flush+Relo)10(ad)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 57.996 0 Td [(cache)-234(attacks.)-235(Ho)7(w)8(e)7(v)9(er)60(,)-235(note)-234(that)-235(due)-234(to)-234(lack)]TJ -81.218 -10.959 Td [(of)-245(shar)8(e)-7(d)-246(memor)-15(y)-245(pages\026as)-246(EPC)-245(pages)-245(only)-246(b)-10(elong)-245(to)-246(one)-245(enclav)8(e)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 309.552 Tm [(at)-279(a)-279(time\026)]TJ /T1_7 8.966 Tf [(Flush+Relo)10(ad)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 97.442 0 Td [(cache)-279(attacks)-279(ar)8(e)-279(not)-279(feasible)-280(on)-279(SGX)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 298.593 Tm [(enclav)8(es.)-230(It)-230(is)-230(also)-230(w)8(orth)-230(noting)-230(that)-230(the)-230(calculation)-230(of)-230(the)-229(accuracy)]TJ 1.009 0 0 1 317.955 287.634 Tm [(do)-7(es)-247(not)-247(consider)-247(kno)7(wle)-7(dge)-247(of)-248(the)-247(physical)-247(memor)-15(y)-247(e)7(xclusiv)8(ely)]TJ 0.994 0 0 1 317.955 276.676 Tm [(use)-7(d)-253(by)-252(the)-253(target)-252(enclav)8(e)10(.)-253(This)-253(information)-252(can)-253(help)-252(impr)8(o)7(v)8(e)-253(the)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 265.717 Tm [(granularity)-277(e)7(v)8(en)-278(further)58(.)]TJ /T1_7 8.966 Tf 93.206 0 Td (Prime+Probe)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 53.198 0 Td [(cache)-277(attacks)-277(on)-277(iCache)9(,)]TJ 1.012 0 0 1 317.955 254.758 Tm [(dCache)-248(and)-248(L2)-248(cache)-248(induce)-248(high)-248(v)8(olume)-248(of)-248(AEX)15(s.)-248(This)-248(do)-7(es)-248(not)]TJ 0.993 0 0 1 317.955 243.799 Tm [(take)-252(Hyp)-7(er)39(Thr)8(eading)-252(into)-252(consideration.)-252(If)-252(so)10(,)-252(b)-10(oth)-252(AEX)-252(numb)-10(ers)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 232.84 Tm [(and)-236(sl)1(o)7(w)8(do)7(wns)-236(will)-235(b)-10(e)-7(come)]TJ /T1_8 8.966 Tf 104.824 0 Td [(mo)-7(dest)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf [(.)-236(Most)-235(of)-236(the)-235(attack)-236(v)9(e)-7(ctors)-236(that)]TJ 0.988 0 0 1 317.955 221.881 Tm [(ne)-7(e)-7(d)-253(to)-253(fr)8(e)-7(quently)-253(pr)8(e)-7(empt)-252(the)-253(enclav)8(e)-253(e)7(xe)-7(cution)-253(will)-253(induce)]TJ /T1_8 8.966 Tf 227.106 0 Td (high)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 210.922 Tm [(o)7(v)8(erheads.)-276(The)-276(cr)8(oss-enclav)8(e)-276(DRAMA)-276(ne)-7(e)-7(ds)-275(to)-276(disable)-276(cache)-276(to)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 199.963 Tm [(conduct)-252(e\035e)-7(ctiv)8(e)-252(attacks,)-252(ther)8(efor)8(e)-252(inducing)]TJ /T1_8 8.966 Tf 164.737 0 Td (high)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 18.405 0 Td [(slo)7(w)8(do)7(wn.)-252(What)]TJ -183.142 -10.959 Td [(is)-220(not)-219(sho)7(wn)-219(in)-220(the)-220(table)-219(is)]TJ /T1_8 8.966 Tf 98.86 0 Td [(temp)-7(oral)-220(obser)-15(vabilities)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf [(.)-220(Except)-219(for)-220(page-)]TJ -98.86 -10.959 Td [(fault)-219(attacks,)-220(all)-219(other)-220(at)1(tacks)-220(hav)8(e)-219(temp)-7(oral)-220(obser)-15(vabilities,)-219(as)-220(the)8(y)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 167.086 Tm [(allo)7(w)-258(obser)-14(ving)-258(\033ner-graine)-6(d)-258(information)-257(than)-258(al)1(lo)6(w)8(e)-7(d)-257(by)-257(their)]TJ 1 0 0 1 317.955 156.128 Tm [(basic)-250(information)-250(unit,)-250(which)-250(ar)8(e)-250(leake)-7(d)-250(thr)8(ough)-250(timing)-250(signals.)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 0 -15.941 TD [(Other)-323(attack)-323(v)8(e)-7(ctors)-323(not)-323(liste)-7(d)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 443.161 140.187 Tm (.)Tj /T1_7 8.966 Tf 4.817 0 Td [(Flush+Relo)10(ad)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 58.737 0 Td [(cache)-317(attacks)]TJ 0.996 0 0 1 317.955 129.228 Tm [(against)-251(cache)-7(d)-251(PTE)-251(entries)-251(ar)8(e)-251(one)-251(attack)-252(v)9(e)-8(ctor)-251(that)-251(w)8(e)-251(hav)8(e)-251(not)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 118.27 Tm [(liste)-7(d)-314(in)-313(T)48(able)-314(7.)-314(A)12(s)-314(a)-313(PTE)-314(entr)-15(y)-313(shar)8(es)-314(cache)-314(line)-313(with)-314(7)-314(mor)8(e)]TJ 0.995 0 0 1 317.955 107.311 Tm [(PTE)-251(entries,)-251(the)-251(spatial)-252(accuracy)-251(is)-251(4KB)]TJ /T1_4 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 462.028 107.311 Tm (\002)Tj /T1_9 8.966 Tf 0.995 0 0 1 467.731 107.311 Tm (8)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 6.421 0 Td [(=)-251(32KB.)-251(The)-251(attack)-252(can)]TJ 0.983 0 0 1 317.955 96.352 Tm [(achie)7(v)8(e)-254(the)-254(spatial)-254(accuracy)-253(of)-254(4KB)-254(if)-254(PTE)-254(entries)-254(ar)8(e)-254(intentionally)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 85.393 Tm 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Session K4: Secure Enclaves
CCS’17, October 30-November 3, 2017, Dallas, TX, USA
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TD [(6.2)-1000(E\035e)-7(ctiv)8(eness)-250(of)-250(Existing)-250(Defenses)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 0 -16.687 TD [(Deterministic)-167(multiple)7(xing)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 0.98 0 0 1 164.162 648.226 Tm [(.)-171(Shinde)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 30.036 0 Td [(et)-170(al.)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 18.104 0 Td ([)Tj 1 0 0 1 214.468 648.226 Tm (39)Tj 0.98 0 0 1 222.806 648.226 Tm [(])-170(pr)8(op)-7(oses)-170(a)-170(compiler-)]TJ -172.457 -10.959 Td [(base)-7(d)-241(appr)8(oach)-242(to)-241(opp)-7(ortunistically)-241(place)-242(all)-241(se)-7(cr)8(et-dep)-7(endent)-241(con-)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 626.308 Tm [(tr)8(ol)-272(\036o)7(ws)-273(and)-272(data)-272(\036o)7(ws)-272(into)-273(the)-272(same)-272(pages,)-272(so)-272(that)-272(page-le)6(v)8(el)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 615.349 Tm [(attacks)-255(will)-255(not)-255(leak)-256(sensitiv)9(e)-256(information.)-255(Ho)7(w)9(e)7(v)8(er)60(,)-255(this)-255(appr)8(oach)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 604.39 Tm [(do)-7(es)-338(not)-338(consider)-337(cache)-338(side)-338(channels)-338(or)-338(DRAM)-338(side)-338(channels,)]TJ 1 0 0 1 53.798 593.431 Tm [(leaving)-250(the)-250(defense)-250(vulnerable)-250(to)-250(cache)-250(attacks)-250(and)-250(DRAMA.)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 0 -15.94 TD [(Hiding)-341(page)-342(faults)-341(with)-341(transactional)-341(memor)-15(y)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 246.299 577.491 Tm [(.)-335(T)58(-SGX)-335([)]TJ 1 0 0 1 282.45 577.491 Tm (38)Tj 1.02 0 0 1 290.789 577.491 Tm (])Tj 0.998 0 0 1 53.798 566.532 Tm [(pr)8(e)7(v)8(ents)-250(information)-251(leakage)-250(ab)-10(out)-250(page)-251(faults)-250(inside)-251(enclav)8(es)-250(by)]TJ 0.987 0 0 1 53.798 555.573 Tm [(encapsulating)-256(the)-256(pr)8(ogram's)-255(e)7(xe)-7(cution)-256(inside)-256(har)8(dwar)8(e-supp)-7(orte)-7(d)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 544.614 Tm [(memor)-15(y)-338(transactions.)-339(Page)-339(faults)-338(will)-339(cause)-338(transaction)-339(ab)-10(orts,)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.467 533.655 Tm [(which)-233(will)-233(b)-11(e)-233(handle)-7(d)-233(by)-233(ab)-10(ort)-234(handler)-233(inside)-233(the)-233(enclav)8(e)-233(\033rst.)-234(The)]TJ 1.005 0 0 1 53.798 522.697 Tm [(transaction)-250(ab)-10(ort)-249(handler)-250(will)-250(notice)-250(the)-250(abnormal)-249(page)-250(fault)-250(and)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 511.738 Tm [(de)-7(cide)-288(whether)-289(to)-288(for)-15(war)8(d)-288(the)-289(contr)8(ol)-288(\036o)7(w)-289(to)-288(the)-289(untruste)-6(d)-289(OS)]TJ 1.008 0 0 1 53.798 500.779 Tm [(kernel.)-248(A)12(s)-248(such,)-248(the)-248(page)-248(fault)-248(handler)-248(can)-248(only)-248(se)-7(e)-248(that)-248(the)-247(page)]TJ 1.011 0 0 1 53.798 489.82 Tm [(fault)-246(happ)-7(ens)-247(on)-246(the)-247(page)-246(wher)8(e)-247(the)-246(ab)-10(ort)-246(handler)-247(is)-246(lo)-7(cate)-7(d)-246(\()16(via)]TJ 1 0 0 1 53.798 478.861 Tm [(r)8(egister)]TJ /T1_3 8.966 Tf 30.1 0 Td (CR2)Tj /T1_0 8.966 Tf [(\).)-250(The)-250(true)-250(faulting)-250(addr)8(ess)-250(is)-250(hidden.)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 63.761 467.902 Tm [(Ho)7(w)8(e)7(v)9(er)60(,)-232(T)60(-SGX)-231(cannot)-232(pr)8(e)8(v)8(ent)-232(the)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 133.98 0 Td [(accesse)-7(d)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 31.91 0 Td [(\036ags)-232(enable)-7(d)-231(mem-)]TJ 0.999 0 0 1 53.798 456.943 Tm [(or)-15(y)-251(side-channel)-252(attacks.)-251(A)12(ccor)8(ding)-251(to)-251(Intel)-252(Softwar)8(e)-251(De)7(v)8(elop)-7(er's)]TJ 0 -10.959 TD [(manual)-250([)]TJ 1 0 0 1 86.468 445.984 Tm (3)Tj 0.999 0 0 1 90.638 445.984 Tm [(],)-250(transaction)-250(ab)-10(ort)-251(is)-250(not)-250(strictly)-251(en)1(for)8(ce)-7(d)-251(when)-250(the)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 193.677 0 Td (ac-)Tj 0.998 0 0 1 53.798 435.025 Tm [(cesse)-7(d)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 24.23 0 Td [(\036ags)-251(and)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 34.919 0 Td (dirty)Tj /T1_0 8.966 Tf 19.984 0 Td [(\036ags)-251(of)-251(the)-252(r)8(efer)8(ence)-7(d)-251(page)-251(table)-251(entries)-251(ar)8(e)]TJ 1.017 0 0 1 53.798 424.066 Tm [(up)-7(date)-7(d.)-244(This)-245(means)-245(ther)8(e)-245(is)-244(no)-245(se)-7(curity)-245(guarante)-7(e)-244(that)-245(memor)-15(y)]TJ 0.988 0 0 1 53.798 413.108 Tm [(access)-252(inside)-252(transactional)-252(r)8(egion)-252(is)-252(not)-252(leake)-7(d)-252(thr)8(ough)-252(up)-7(dates)-252(of)]TJ 1 0 0 1 53.798 402.149 Tm [(the)-250(page)-250(table)-250(entries.)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 0 -15.941 TD [(Se)-7(cur)8(e)-339(pr)8(o)-7(cessor)-338(design)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 151.65 386.208 Tm [(.)-332(Sanctum)-332([)]TJ 1 0 0 1 195.452 386.208 Tm (16)Tj 1.02 0 0 1 203.791 386.208 Tm [(])-332(is)-332(a)-332(ne)7(w)-332(har)8(dwar)8(e)-332(de-)]TJ 1.008 0 0 1 53.798 375.249 Tm [(sign)-248(that)-248(aims)-248(to)-248(pr)8(ote)-7(ct)-248(against)-248(b)-10(oth)-248(last-le)7(v)8(el)-248(cache)-248(attacks)-248(and)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 364.291 Tm [(page-table)-319(base)-6(d)-319(attacks.)-319(A)12(s)-319(Sanctum)-318(enclav)8(e)-319(has)-319(its)-318(o)7(wn)-319(page)]TJ 1.012 0 0 1 53.798 353.332 Tm [(tables,)-246(page)-246(access)-246(patterns)-246(b)-10(e)-7(come)-246(invisible)-246(to)-246(the)-246(malicious)-246(OS.)]TJ 1.007 0 0 1 53.529 342.373 Tm [(Ther)8(efor)8(e)10(,)-250(the)-249(page-faults)-250(attacks)-249(and)-250(SPM)-249(attacks)-250(wil)1(l)-250(fail.)-249(Ho)6(w-)]TJ 1.009 0 0 1 53.798 331.414 Tm [(e)7(v)8(er)58(,)-247(Sanctum)-247(do)-7(es)-248(not)-247(pr)8(e)7(v)8(ent)-248(cr)8(oss-enclav)8(e)-247(DRAMA)-248(attack.)-247(A)12(s)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 320.455 Tm [(a)-300(matter)-301(of)-300(fact,)-301(Sanctum)-300(still)-301(r)8(elies)-300(on)-301(the)-300(OS)-301(to)-300(assign)-301(DRAM)]TJ 0 -10.959 TD [(r)8(egions)-274(to)-274(enclav)7(es,)-274(cr)8(eate)-274(page)-274(table)-274(entries)-274(and)-275(cop)7(y)-274(co)-7(de)-274(and)]TJ 0.982 0 0 1 53.798 298.537 Tm [(data)-256(into)-255(the)-256(enclav)8(e)-255(during)-256(enclav)8(e)-256(initialization.)-255(Since)-256(OS)-255(kno)7(ws)]TJ 0.987 0 0 1 53.798 287.578 Tm [(the)-253(e)7(xact)-254(memor)-15(y)-253(lay)8(out)-254(of)-253(the)-254(enclav)8(e)11(,)-254(the)-253(attacker)-254(can)-253(ther)8(efor)8(e)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 276.619 Tm [(run)-311(an)-312(attack)-311(pr)8(o)-7(cess)-311(in)-312(a)-311(di\035er)8(ent)-311(DRAM)-312(r)8(egion)-311(that)-311(shar)8(es)-312(a)]TJ 1 0 0 1 53.798 265.66 Tm [(same)-250(DRAM)-250(r)8(o)7(w)-250(as)-250(the)-250(target)-250(enclav)8(e)-250(addr)8(ess.)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf -0.296 -15.94 Td [(Time)-7(d)-249(e)7(xe)-7(cution)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 1.001 0 0 1 121.872 249.72 Tm [(.)-249(Chen)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 25.918 0 Td [(et)-249(al.)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 19.517 0 Td ([)Tj 1 0 0 1 170.548 249.72 Tm (15)Tj 1.001 0 0 1 178.887 249.72 Tm [(])-249(pr)8(op)-7(oses)-249(a)-248(compiler-base)-7(d)-249(ap-)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 238.761 Tm [(pr)8(oach,)-195(calle)-7(d)-195(D)]TJ /T1_0 7.97 Tf (\311J\300)Tj /T1_0 8.966 Tf 72.52 0 Td (V)Tj /T1_0 7.97 Tf (U)Tj /T1_0 8.966 Tf [(,)-195(to)-195(measur)8(e)-195(the)-195(e)7(xe)-7(cution)-195(time)-195(of)-195(an)-195(enclav)9(e)]TJ 0.996 0 0 1 53.798 227.802 Tm [(pr)8(ogram)-251(at)-251(the)-251(granularity)-250(of)-251(basic)-251(blo)-7(cks)-251(in)-251(a)-251(contr)8(ol-\036o)7(w)-250(graph.)]TJ 1.017 0 0 1 53.798 216.843 Tm [(Exe)-7(cution)-245(time)-246(larger)-246(than)-245(a)-246(thr)8(eshold)-245(indicates)-246(that)-246(the)-245(enclav)8(e)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 205.885 Tm [(co)-7(de)-293(has)-293(b)-10(e)-7(en)-293(interrupte)-7(d)-293(and)-293(AEX)-293(has)-293(o)-7(ccurr)8(e)-7(d.)-294(The)-293(intuition)]TJ 1.017 0 0 1 53.798 194.926 Tm [(b)-10(ehind)-245(it)-246(is)-245(that)-246(e)7(xe)-7(cution)-245(time)-246(measur)8(e)-7(d)-245(at)-246(the)-245(basic)-246(blo)-7(ck)-245(le)7(v)8(el)]TJ 1.002 0 0 1 53.467 183.967 Tm [(will)-248(not)-249(su\035er)-248(fr)8(om)-249(the)-248(variations)-249(cause)-7(d)-248(by)-249(di\035er)8(ent)-248(inputs.)-248(Due)]TJ 1.009 0 0 1 53.798 173.008 Tm [(to)-248(the)-248(lack)-248(of)-249(timing)-248(measur)8(ements)-248(in)-248(SGX)-248(v1)-248(enclav)8(es,)-248(D)]TJ /T1_0 7.97 Tf (\311J\300)Tj /T1_0 8.966 Tf 226.989 0 Td (V)Tj /T1_0 7.97 Tf (U)Tj /T1_0 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 162.049 Tm [(constructs)-272(a)-271(softwar)7(e)-271(clo)-7(ck)-272(inside)-272(the)-271(enclav)8(e)-272(which)-272(is)-271(encapsu-)]TJ 0.995 0 0 1 53.798 151.09 Tm [(late)-7(d)-251(inside)-251(Intel)-251(T)20(ransactional)-251(Synchr)8(onization)-251(Extensions)-252(\(TSX\).)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.529 140.131 Tm [(Ther)8(efor)8(e)9(,)-293(the)-293(clo)-7(ck)-293(itself)-293(will)-293(not)-293(b)-10(e)-293(interrupte)-7(d)-293(without)-293(b)-10(eing)]TJ 0.264 -10.959 Td [(dete)-7(cte)-7(d.)-292(It)-292(was)-291(sho)7(wn)-292(that)-292(D)]TJ /T1_0 7.97 Tf (\311J\300)Tj /T1_0 8.966 Tf 125.939 0 Td (V)Tj /T1_0 7.97 Tf (U)Tj /T1_0 8.966 Tf 13.73 0 Td [(can)-292(dete)-7(ct)-291(AEX)-292(with)-292(high)]TJ 1.018 0 0 1 53.798 118.213 Tm [(\033delity)58(.)-245(Ther)8(efor)8(e)10(,)-245(any)-244(of)-245(the)-244(side-channel)-245(attack)-244(v)8(e)-7(ctors)-245(that)-244(in-)]TJ 1.012 0 0 1 53.798 107.254 Tm [(duce)-246(high)-246(v)7(olume)-246(of)-246(AEX)-246(will)-247(b)-9(e)-247(dete)-7(cte)-6(d)-247(by)-246(D)]TJ /T1_0 7.97 Tf (\311J\300)Tj /T1_0 8.966 Tf 188.324 0 Td (V)Tj /T1_0 7.97 Tf (U)Tj /T1_0 8.966 Tf [(.)-246(Ho)7(w)8(e)6(v)8(er)59(,)]TJ 0.985 0 0 1 53.798 96.296 Tm [(those)-253(not)-253(inv)8(olving)-254(AEX)-253(in)-253(the)-253(attacks,)-253(such)-254(as)-253(T)60(-SPM)-253(or)-254(H)-37(T)60(-SPM)]TJ 1 0 0 1 53.798 85.337 Tm [(attacks)-250(will)-250(bypass)-250(D)]TJ /T1_0 7.97 Tf (\311J\300)Tj /T1_0 8.966 Tf 92.229 0 Td (V)Tj /T1_0 7.97 Tf (U)Tj /T1_0 8.966 Tf 13.356 0 Td [(completely)59(.)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 158.572 613.014 Td [(Enclav)8(e)-167(A)12(ddr)8(ess)-166(Space)-167(Lay)8(out)-167(Randomization)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 0.98 0 0 1 501.405 698.351 Tm [(.)-171(SGX)25(-Shield)-170([)]TJ 1 0 0 1 550.36 698.351 Tm (37)Tj 0.98 0 0 1 558.698 698.351 Tm (])Tj -245.656 -10.959 Td [(implemente)-7(d)-188(\033ne-graine)-8(d)-188(ASLR)-188(when)-188(an)-188(enclav)8(e)-189(pr)9(ogram)-189(is)-188(loade)-7(d)]TJ 1 0 0 1 317.955 676.433 Tm [(into)-251(the)-251(SGX)-250(memor)-15(y)59(.)-251(Ho)7(w)8(e)7(v)8(er)-251(the)-251(malicious)-251(OS)-251(could)-250(still)-251(learn)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 665.474 Tm [(the)-269(memor)-15(y)-269(lay)8(out)-269(after)-269(obser)-15(ving)-269(memor)-15(y)-269(access)-269(patterns)-269(in)-269(a)]TJ 1 0 0 1 317.955 654.516 Tm [(long)-250(run)-250(as)-250(SGX)24(-Shield)-250(do)-7(es)-250(not)-250(supp)-7(ort)-250(liv)8(e)-250(r)8(e-randomization.)]TJ /T1_1 10.909 Tf 0 -22.753 TD [(6.3)-1000(Lessons)-250(Learne)-7(d)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 618.064 Tm [(Our)-311(analysis)-311(of)-311(SGX)-311(memor)-14(y)-311(side)-311(channels)-311(brings)-311(to)-311(light)-311(ne)7(w)]TJ 1.001 0 0 1 317.955 607.105 Tm [(attack)-250(surfaces)-250(and)-250(ne)7(w)-250(capabilities)-250(the)-250(adv)8(ersar)-15(y)-250(has.)-249(Her)8(e)-250(ar)8(e)-250(a)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 596.146 Tm [(fe)7(w)-208(thoughts)-208(ab)-11(out)-208(ho)7(w)-208(to)-208(mitigate)-209(such)-208(risks)-208(on)-209(the)-208(SGX)-208(platform,)]TJ 1 0 0 1 317.955 585.188 Tm [(and)-250(mor)8(e)-250(generically)59(,)-250(for)-250(the)-250(emerging)-250(TEE.)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 0 -15.941 TD [(SGX)-250(application)-251(de)7(v)8(elopment.)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 0.994 0 0 1 443.047 569.247 Tm [(Our)-252(r)8(esear)8(ch)-252(sho)7(ws)-252(that)-252(the)-251(ad-)]TJ 0.985 0 0 1 317.731 558.288 Tm [(v)8(ersar)-15(y)-254(can)-253(achie)7(v)8(e)-254(\033ne-graine)-7(d)-253(monitoring)-254(of)-253(an)-254(enclav)8(e)-253(pr)8(o)-7(cess,)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 547.33 Tm [(thr)8(ough)-298(not)-298(only)-298(pages)-298(and)-298(cache)-299(channels,)-298(but)-298(also)-298(inter-page)]TJ 0.998 0 0 1 317.955 536.371 Tm [(timing,)-252(cr)8(oss-enclav)8(e)-251(DRAM)-252(and)-252(Hyp)-7(er)39(Thr)8(eading.)-251(It)-252(is)-252(imp)-7(ortant)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 525.412 Tm [(for)-259(the)-259(SGX)-259(de)7(v)8(elop)-7(er)-259(to)-259(r)8(ealize)-259(the)-259(impacts)-259(of)-259(these)-259(ne)7(w)-259(attack)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 514.453 Tm [(surfaces,)-243(which)-242(is)-243(critical)-242(for)-243(building)-243(enclav)9(e)-243(applications)-243(to)-242(av)8(oid)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 503.494 Tm [(leaks)-261(thr)8(ough)-262(the)-261(ne)7(w)-261(channels.)-262(For)-261(e)7(xample)10(,)-262(she)-261(can)-261(no)-261(longer)]TJ 1 0 0 1 317.955 492.535 Tm [(hide)-249(her)-249(se)-7(cr)8(et)-248(by)-249(av)8(oiding)-249(page-le)7(v)8(el)-249(access)-249(patterns,)-248(since)-249(intra-)]TJ 0 -10.959 TD [(or)-250(inter-page)-250(timings)-250(can)-250(also)-250(disclose)-250(her)-250(sensitiv)8(e)-250(information.)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 0 -15.94 TD [(Softwar)8(e-le)7(v)8(el)-373(pr)8(ote)-7(ction.)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 427.3 465.636 Tm [(Defense)-365(against)-366(SGX)-365(side-channel)]TJ 0.988 0 0 1 317.955 454.677 Tm [(leaks)-252(can)-253(no)-252(longer)-253(r)8(ely)-252(on)-252(the)-253(assumptions)-252(w)8(e)-253(hav)9(e)-253(to)-7(day)60(.)-253(Partic-)]TJ 1 0 0 1 317.955 443.718 Tm [(ularly)59(,)-250(such)-250(attacks)-249(do)-250(not)-250(ne)-7(cessarily)-250(cause)-250(an)-249(anomalously)-250(high)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.641 432.759 Tm [(AEX)-258(rate)10(.)-258(Blending)-257(sensitiv)8(e)-258(information)-258(into)-258(the)-257(same)-258(memor)-15(y)]TJ 0.308 -10.959 Td [(pages)-284(is)-284(not)-284(e\035e)-7(ctiv)8(e)-284(against)-284(attacks)-284(with)-284(\033ner)-284(spatial)-283(granular-)]TJ 0 -10.959 TD [(ity)58(.)-309(Also)10(,)-309(the)-308(adv)8(ersar)-15(y)-308(may)-309(also)-308(use)-309(a)-308(combination)-308(of)-309(multiple)]TJ 1 0 0 1 317.955 399.882 Tm [(channels)-250(to)-250(conduct)-250(mor)8(e)-250(p)-7(o)7(w)8(erful)-250(attacks.)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 0 -15.94 TD [(Har)8(dwar)8(e)-249(enhancement.)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 102.193 0 Td [(Most)-249(memor)-15(y)-249(side)-249(channels)-250(w)8(e)-249(kno)7(w)]TJ -102.193 -10.959 Td [(so)-251(far)-250(can)-251(b)-10(e)-250(mitigate)-7(d)-251(thr)8(ough)-250(har)8(dwar)8(e)-251(changes,)-251(e)10(.g.,)-250(partitions)]TJ 1.006 0 0 1 317.955 362.024 Tm [(of)-247(caches/DRAM)-247(and)-247(ke)-7(eping)-248(enclav)8(e)-247(page)-247(tables)-247(inside)-247(EPC,)-247(etc.)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 351.065 Tm [(In)-247(some)-247(cases,)-247(such)-247(changes)-247(could)-247(b)-10(e)-247(the)-247(b)-10(est)-247(option.)-247(Further)-247(r)8(e-)]TJ 1.011 0 0 1 317.955 340.107 Tm [(sear)8(ch)-247(is)-246(e)6(xp)-6(e)-7(cte)-7(d)-247(to)-247(b)-10(etter)-246(understand)-247(the)-247(issue)-246(and)-247(the)-247(impacts)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 329.148 Tm [(of)-234(the)-233(r)8(elate)-7(d)-233(side)-234(channels,)-233(making)-234(the)-233(case)-234(to)-233(Intel)-234(and)-233(other)-234(TEE)]TJ 1 0 0 1 317.955 318.189 Tm [(manufactur)8(ers)-250(for)-250(pr)8(o)7(viding)-250(har)8(dwar)8(e-le)7(v)8(el)-250(supp)-7(orts.)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf T* [(Big)-172(pictur)8(e)10(.)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 0.98 0 0 1 365.466 302.249 Tm [(O)-10(v)8(er)-175(y)8(ears,)-175(w)8(e)-175(obser)-16(v)9(e)-176(that)-175(many)-175(side-channel)-175(studies)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 291.29 Tm [(follo)7(w)-346(a)-346(similar)-346(pattern:)-347(a)-346(cle)7(v)8(er)-346(attack)-346(is)-346(disco)7(v)7(er)8(e)-7(d)-346(and)-346(then)]TJ 0.991 0 0 1 317.955 280.331 Tm [(r)8(esear)8(chers)-252(imme)-8(diately)-252(embark)-253(on)-252(the)-253(defense)-253(against)-252(the)-253(attack.)]TJ 0.996 0 0 1 317.955 269.372 Tm [(Ho)7(w)8(e)7(v)8(er)59(,)-249(in)-250(r)8(etr)8(osp)-7(e)-7(ction,)-250(most)-250(defense)-250(pr)9(op)-8(o)1(sals)-250(fail)-250(to)-250(consider)]TJ 1.005 0 0 1 317.955 258.413 Tm [(the)-249(bigger)-250(pictur)8(e)-249(b)-10(ehind)-250(the)-249(demonstrate)-7(d)-249(attacks,)-250(thus)-249(the)7(y)-250(ar)8(e)]TJ 1.015 0 0 1 317.955 247.454 Tm [(unable)-246(to)-246(o\035er)-246(e\035e)-7(ctiv)8(e)-246(pr)8(ote)-7(ction)-246(against)-246(the)-246(adv)8(ersar)-15(y)-246(capable)]TJ 1.011 0 0 1 317.955 236.495 Tm [(of)-246(quickly)-246(adjusting)-246(strategies,)-246(sometimes)-245(not)-246(e)7(v)8(en)-246(meaningfully)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 225.536 Tm [(raising)-193(the)-194(bar)-193(to)-193(the)-193(variations)-194(of)-193(the)-193(attacks.)-194(The)-193(ongoing)-193(r)8(esear)8(ch)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 214.577 Tm [(on)-283(SGX)-284(appar)8(ently)-283(succumbs)-284(to)-283(the)-284(same)-283(pitfalls.)-284(W)79(e)-284(hop)-6(e)-284(that)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 203.618 Tm [(our)-241(study)-241(can)-241(ser)-16(v)9(e)-241(as)-242(a)-241(ne)7(w)-241(start)-241(p)-7(oint)-241(for)-241(r)8(ethinking)-241(the)-241(ongoing)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 192.66 Tm [(e\035ort)-330(on)-329(SGX)-330(se)-7(curity)58(,)-329(inspiring)-330(the)-330(follo)7(w-up)-329(e\035orts)-330(to)-330(b)-9(etter)]TJ 0 -10.959 TD [(understand)-248(the)-247(fundamental)-248(limitations)-248(of)-248(this)-247(ne)6(w)-247(TEE)-248(and)-248(the)]TJ 1 0 0 1 317.623 170.742 Tm [(ways)-250(w)8(e)-250(can)-250(use)-250(it)-250(e\035e)-7(ctiv)8(ely)-250(and)-250(se)-7(cur)8(ely)59(.)]TJ /T1_1 10.909 Tf 0.332 -22.753 Td [(7)-1000(RELA)63(TED)-250(W)34(ORK)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 0 -18.68 TD [(Paging-base)-7(d)-233(side)-233(channels)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 0.98 0 0 1 428.324 129.309 Tm [(.)-238(It)-238(has)-238(b)-10(e)-7(en)-238(sho)7(wn)-238(in)-237(pr)8(e)7(vious)-238(stud-)]TJ 1.008 0 0 1 317.955 118.35 Tm [(ies)-248(that)-248(page-le)7(v)8(el)-248(memor)-15(y)-248(access)-248(patterns)-248(can)-248(leak)-248(se)-7(cr)8(ets)-248(of)-248(en-)]TJ 1.013 0 0 1 317.955 107.391 Tm [(clav)8(e)-248(pr)8(ograms)-247(under)-248(a)-247(variety)-247(of)-248(scenarios)-247([)]TJ 1 0 0 1 485.212 107.391 Tm (39)Tj 1.013 0 0 1 493.551 107.391 Tm (,)Tj 1 0 0 1 497.797 107.391 Tm (43)Tj 1.013 0 0 1 506.136 107.391 Tm [(].)-247(This)-248(typ)-7(e)-247(of)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 96.432 Tm [(leakage)-253(is)-252(enable)-7(d)-253(by)-252(enfor)7(cing)-252(page)-253(faults)-252(during)-253(enclav)8(e)23('s)-252(e)7(xe-)]TJ 0 -10.959 TD [(cution,)-269(by)-269(marking)-269(sele)-7(cte)-7(d)-269(memor)-15(y)-269(pages)-269(to)-269(b)-10(e)-269(non-pr)8(esent)-269(or)]TJ 1 0 0 1 301.728 72.727 Tm (12)Tj ET /QITE_maskingtape BMC 1 g 293.8 38.45 26.35 42.95 re f EMC /Artifact <>BDC q 1 0 0 1 54 755.4614258 cm 0 g /GS0 gs /Fm0 Do Q EMC /Artifact <>BDC q 1 0 0 1 355.0029907 755.4614258 cm 0 g /GS0 gs /Fm1 Do Q EMC /Artifact <>BDC q 1 0 0 1 297.8215027 38.5740509 cm 0 g /GS0 gs /Fm2 Do Q EMC endstream endobj 80 0 obj <>stream /
Session K4: Secure Enclaves
CCS’17, October 30-November 3, 2017, Dallas, TX, USA
endstream endobj 81 0 obj <>>>/Resources 266 0 R/Subtype/Form>>stream 0 g 0 G 0 i 0 J []0 d 0 j 1 w 10 M 0 Tc 0 Tw 100 Tz 0 TL 0 Tr 0 Ts BT /LinuxBiolinum 9 Tf 0 g 0 -8.046 Td (2432) Tj ET endstream endobj 82 0 obj <>stream hޜMk0C%4A@ %CK]^9!PA0fޱ,G@7$ǁ\Z\w"J$H(=.xI| })ͮYm]۷zf>'}- N}>Ztz֩hP LOz;~ؕa.Kf/zF;"&K*D],}WjoKc.S[ƶ_YZ`Ty*Fz8׶L3͹-:W0`"7B#0@ )yf>h_5>)fE-$3Wr+#K~))')(+ I4 $Ƴ8obH0@Yܐ_?⻡yM(yY@FE R_x$"[A"sB endstream endobj 83 0 obj <>/Resources<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/Thumb 119 0 R/Type/Page>> endobj 84 0 obj <>stream BT /T1_0 8.966 Tf 1.004 0 0 1 53.798 698.351 Tm [(non-e)7(xe)-7(cutable)10(.)-249(A)12(s)-250(such,)-249(data)-249(accesses)-249(or)-250(co)-7(de)-249(e)7(xe)-7(cution)-249(in)-249(these)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 687.392 Tm [(pages)-251(will)-251(b)-10(e)-251(trapp)-7(e)-7(d)-251(into)-251(the)-251(OS)-251(kernel,)-251(and)-251(the)-251(malicious)-251(OS)-251(will)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 676.433 Tm [(learn)-257(which)-256(page)-257(is)-257(accesse)-7(d)-257(b)1(y)-257(the)-257(enclav)8(e)-257(pr)8(ogram.)-257(Page-fault)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 665.474 Tm [(side-channel)-196(attack)-196(is)-196(one)-196(attack)-196(v)8(e)-7(ctor)-196(of)-196(the)-196(memor)-15(y)-196(side-channel)]TJ 1 0 0 1 53.798 654.516 Tm [(attack)-250(surface)-250(w)8(e)-250(e)7(xplor)8(e)-250(in)-250(this)-250(pap)-7(er)59(.)]TJ 0.983 0 0 1 63.761 643.557 Tm [(Concurr)8(ently)-253(and)-254(indep)-7(endently)60(,)-253(V)61(an)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 139.969 0 Td [(et)-253(al.)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 19.599 0 Td [(also)-253(pr)8(op)-7(ose)-254(paging-)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 632.598 Tm [(base)-7(d)-272(attacks)-272(on)-271(SGX.)-272(The)7(y)-272(r)8(ep)-7(ort)-272(tw)8(o)-272(attacks:)-272(one)-272(e)7(xploits)-272(the)]TJ 0.987 0 0 1 53.798 621.639 Tm [(up)-7(dates)-254(of)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 40.306 0 Td [(accesse)-7(d)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 32.108 0 Td [(\036ags)-254(\(V)81(e)-7(ctor)-254(4\))-254(and)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 72.756 0 Td (dirty)Tj /T1_0 8.966 Tf 20.015 0 Td [(\036ags)-254(\(V)81(e)-7(ctor)-254(5\))-254(of)-254(the)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 610.68 Tm [(r)8(efer)8(ence)-7(d)-215(PTEs,)-215(and)-215(the)-215(other)-216(is)-215(a)]TJ /T1_2 8.966 Tf 127.51 0 Td (Flush+Flush)Tj /T1_0 8.966 Tf 51.961 0 Td (or)Tj /T1_2 8.966 Tf 9.784 0 Td [(Flush+Relo)10(ad)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 53.798 599.721 Tm [(side-channel)-250(attack)-250(on)-250(the)-250(r)8(efer)8(ence)-7(d)-250(PTEs)-250(\(V)80(e)-7(ctor)-250(3\).)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 63.761 588.762 Tm [(Although)-272(similar)-272(to)-273(our)-272(appr)8(oach)-272(in)-273(terms)-272(of)-272(utilizing)-272(the)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 215.816 0 Td (ac-)Tj 1 0 0 1 53.798 577.803 Tm [(cesse)-7(d)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 24.219 0 Td [(\036ags)-250(to)-250(av)8(oid)-250(page)-250(faults,)-251(the)-250(attack)-250(pr)8(op)-7(ose)-7(d)-250(has)-250(not)-250(b)-10(e)-7(en)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 566.844 Tm [(designe)-7(d)-214(to)-214(b)-11(e)-214(truly)-214(stealthy)61(,)-215(minimizing)-214(interrupts)-214(pr)8(o)-7(duce)-7(d)-214(when)]TJ 0 -10.959 TD [(it)-225(is)-225(e)7(xe)-7(cute)-7(d.)-226(A)13(ctually)60(,)-225(it)-226(can)-225(intr)9(o)-8(duce)-225(e)7(v)9(en)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 164.565 0 Td [(mor)8(e)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 19.985 0 Td [(AEX)15(s,)-225(as)-225(demon-)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 544.927 Tm [(strate)-7(d)-277(by)-276(their)-277(e)7(valuation,)-277(r)8(endering)-277(the)-277(attack)-276(less)-277(e\035e)-7(ctiv)8(e)-277(in)]TJ 1.012 0 0 1 53.798 533.968 Tm [(the)-247(pr)8(esence)-248(of)-247(e)7(xisting)-247(pr)7(ote)-6(ction,)-248(such)-247(as)-247(T)58(-SGX)-247([)]TJ 1 0 0 1 245.554 533.968 Tm (38)Tj 1.012 0 0 1 253.892 533.968 Tm [(])-247(and)-248(D)]TJ /T1_0 7.97 Tf (\311J\300)Tj /T1_0 8.966 Tf 1.007 0 0 1 53.502 523.009 Tm (V)Tj /T1_0 7.97 Tf (U)Tj /T1_0 8.966 Tf 13.334 0 Td ([)Tj 1 0 0 1 70.143 523.009 Tm (15)Tj 1.007 0 0 1 78.482 523.009 Tm [(].)-247(By)-248(comparison,)-247(our)-248(r)8(esear)8(ch)-247(r)7(e)7(v)8(eals)-247(multiple)-248(av)8(enues)-247(to)]TJ 0.986 0 0 1 53.798 512.05 Tm [(r)8(e)-7(duce)-253(the)-254(interrupt)-253(fr)8(e)-7(quencies,)-253(sho)7(wing)-253(that)-254(a)-253(paging)-253(attack)-254(can)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 501.091 Tm [(b)-10(e)-317(made)-318(stealthy)-317(when)-318(it)-317(is)-318(use)-6(d)-318(together)-317(with)-318(timings)-317(or)-318(TLB)]TJ 1.012 0 0 1 53.798 490.132 Tm [(\036ushing)-245(thr)8(ough)-245(Hyp)-7(er)39(Thr)8(eading,)-245(thwarting)-245(all)-245(e)7(xisting)-244(defense)9(.)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 479.173 Tm [(Further)60(,)-200(our)-201(study)-200(also)-201(highlights)-201(other)-200(side-channel)-201(v)9(e)-8(ctors)-200(in)-201(SGX)]TJ 1.001 0 0 1 53.798 468.214 Tm [(memor)-15(y)-248(management,)-249(pr)8(o)7(viding)-248(e)7(vidence)-249(for)-248(the)-249(cr)8(e)-7(dible)-248(thr)8(eats)]TJ 1 0 0 1 53.798 457.255 Tm [(the)7(y)-250(p)-7(ose)-250(\(i.e)10(.,)-250(the)-250(Cache-DRAM)-250(attacks\).)]TJ /T1_3 8.966 Tf 0 -15.94 TD [(Branch)-250(pr)8(e)-7(diction)-250(side)-250(channels)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf [(.)-250(A)-250(v)8(er)-15(y)-250(r)8(e)-7(cent)-250(study)-249(e)7(xplor)8(es)]TJ 1.007 0 0 1 53.798 430.356 Tm [(branch)-249(pr)8(e)-7(diction)-248(units)-249(as)-248(side)-249(channels)-248(to)-249(infer)-248(sensitiv)8(e)-249(contr)8(ol)]TJ 1.017 0 0 1 53.798 419.397 Tm [(\036o)7(ws)-245(inside)-245(SGX)-245(enclav)8(es)-245([)]TJ 1 0 0 1 156.211 419.397 Tm (28)Tj 1.017 0 0 1 164.55 419.397 Tm [(].)-245(The)-245(memor)-15(y)-244(side-channel)-245(attack)]TJ 0.994 0 0 1 53.798 408.438 Tm [(surface)-252(do)-7(es)-252(not)-252(include)-252(attack)-252(v)8(e)-7(ctors)-252(thr)8(ough)-252(branch)-252(pr)8(e)-7(diction.)]TJ 1.008 0 0 1 53.798 397.479 Tm [(Both)-249(ar)7(e)-249(imp)-7(ortant)-249(to)-250(the)-249(understanding)-250(of)-249(side-channel)-249(se)-7(curity)]TJ 1 0 0 1 53.798 386.521 Tm [(of)-250(SGX.)]TJ /T1_3 8.966 Tf 0 -15.941 TD [(Cache)-167(Side)-166(Channels)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 0.98 0 0 1 137.09 370.58 Tm [(.)-171(Cache)-170(side-channel)-170(attacks)-170(under)-170(the)-170(thr)8(eat)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 359.621 Tm [(mo)-7(del)-288(w)8(e)-289(consider)-288(in)-288(this)-289(pap)-7(er)-288(\(i.e)10(.,)-289(access)-288(driv)8(en)-288(attacks)-289([)]TJ 1 0 0 1 280.263 359.621 Tm (19)Tj 1.02 0 0 1 288.602 359.621 Tm (]\))Tj 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 348.663 Tm [(hav)8(e)-199(b)-10(e)-8(en)-199(demonstrate)-7(d)-199(on)-200(x86)-199(ar)8(chite)-7(ctur)8(es,)-199(including)-200(data)-199(caches)]TJ -0.274 -10.959 Td [(\()12(and)-246(also)-246(p)-7(er-cor)8(e)-247(L2)-246(uni\033e)-7(d)-246(caches\))-247([)]TJ 1 0 0 1 189.803 337.704 Tm (19)Tj 0.98 0 0 1 198.142 337.704 Tm (,)Tj 1 0 0 1 202.239 337.704 Tm (21)Tj 0.98 0 0 1 210.578 337.704 Tm (,)Tj 1 0 0 1 214.675 337.704 Tm (32)Tj 0.98 0 0 1 223.014 337.704 Tm (,)Tj 1 0 0 1 227.111 337.704 Tm (34)Tj 0.98 0 0 1 235.45 337.704 Tm (,)Tj 1 0 0 1 239.547 337.704 Tm (35)Tj 0.98 0 0 1 247.886 337.704 Tm (,)Tj 1 0 0 1 251.983 337.704 Tm (40)Tj 0.98 0 0 1 260.322 337.704 Tm [(],)-246(instruc-)]TJ 1.015 0 0 1 53.798 326.745 Tm [(tion)-246(caches)-246([)]TJ 1 0 0 1 100.837 326.745 Tm (8)Tj 1.015 0 0 1 105.006 326.745 Tm (,)Tj 1 0 0 1 109.245 326.745 Tm (9)Tj 1.015 0 0 1 113.415 326.745 Tm (,)Tj 1 0 0 1 117.654 326.745 Tm (47)Tj 1.015 0 0 1 125.993 326.745 Tm [(],)-246(and)-246(inclusiv)8(e)-245(LLCs)-246([)]TJ 1 0 0 1 209.223 326.745 Tm (12)Tj 1.015 0 0 1 217.562 326.745 Tm (,)Tj 1 0 0 1 221.801 326.745 Tm (18)Tj 1.015 0 0 1 230.14 326.745 Tm (,)Tj 1 0 0 1 234.379 326.745 Tm (22)Tj 1.015 0 0 1 242.717 326.745 Tm (,)Tj 1 0 0 1 246.957 326.745 Tm (23)Tj 1.015 0 0 1 255.295 326.745 Tm (,)Tj 1 0 0 1 259.534 326.745 Tm (25)Tj 1.015 0 0 1 267.873 326.745 Tm (,)Tj 1 0 0 1 272.112 326.745 Tm (26)Tj 1.015 0 0 1 280.451 326.745 Tm (,)Tj 1 0 0 1 284.69 326.745 Tm (29)Tj 1.015 0 0 1 293.029 326.745 Tm (,)Tj 1 0 0 1 53.798 315.786 Tm [(30,)-250(33,)-249(44\02546,)-250(48].)-249(Some)-250(r)8(e)-7(cent)-250(studies)-249([14,)-250(17,)-249(20,)-250(31])-250(hav)8(e)-249(sho)7(wn)]TJ 0.991 0 0 1 53.798 304.827 Tm [(that)-251(the)-252(ab)-10(o)7(v)8(e)-251(side)-252(channels)-251(ar)8(e)-251(still)-252(feasible)-251(on)-251(SGX)-252(enclav)8(es.)-251(W)81(e)]TJ 0.981 0 0 1 53.798 293.868 Tm [(brie\036y)-256(con\033rme)-7(d)-255(the)-256(e\035e)-7(ctiv)8(eness)-255(of)-256(cache)-255(side-channel)-256(attacks)-255(in)]TJ 1.001 0 0 1 53.798 282.909 Tm [(our)-250(pap)-7(er)59(,)-250(while)-251(the)-250(fo)-7(cus)-250(of)-250(this)-250(w)8(ork)-251(is)-250(a)-250(br)8(oader)-250(attack)-250(surface)]TJ 1 0 0 1 53.798 271.95 Tm [(than)-250(caches.)]TJ /T1_3 8.966 Tf 0 -15.94 TD [(SGX)-205(Side-Channel)-205(Defenses.)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 0.98 0 0 1 170.242 256.01 Tm [(Most)-209(kno)7(wn)-210(defenses)-209(ar)8(e)-209(designe)-7(d)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 245.051 Tm [(sp)-7(e)-7(ci\033cally)-299(to)-299(page-fault)-300(side-channel)-299(attacks.)-300(Shinde)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 200.554 0 Td [(et)-299(al.)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 20.423 0 Td ([)Tj 1 0 0 1 282.45 245.051 Tm (39)Tj 1.02 0 0 1 290.789 245.051 Tm (])Tj 1.017 0 0 1 53.798 234.092 Tm [(pr)8(op)-7(ose)-7(d)-246(a)-246(compiler-base)-7(d)-246(appr)8(oach)-246(to)-246(transform)-247(cr)-14(yptographic)]TJ 1.009 0 0 1 53.798 223.133 Tm [(pr)8(ograms)-249(to)-249(hide)-249(page)-249(access)-248(patterns)-249(that)-249(may)-249(leak)-249(information.)]TJ 0.99 0 0 1 53.798 212.174 Tm (Shih)Tj /T1_1 8.966 Tf 18.69 0 Td [(et)-252(al.)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 19.58 0 Td ([)Tj 1 0 0 1 94.845 212.174 Tm (38)Tj 0.99 0 0 1 103.184 212.174 Tm [(])-252(pr)8(op)-7(ose)-7(d)-253(T)60(-SGX)-252(which)-253(e)7(xploits)-252(Intel)-252(T)20(ransactional)]TJ 1.009 0 0 1 53.798 201.215 Tm [(Synchr)8(onization)-248(Extensions)-249(\(TSX\))-248(to)-249(pr)8(e)7(v)8(ent)-248(page)-249(faults)-248(fr)8(om)-249(r)8(e-)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.574 190.257 Tm [(v)8(ealing)-256(the)-255(faulting)-256(addr)8(ess.)-255(Costan)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 133.375 0 Td [(et)-256(al.)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 19.637 0 Td ([)Tj 1 0 0 1 212.902 190.257 Tm (16)Tj 1.02 0 0 1 221.241 190.257 Tm [(])-255(pr)7(op)-7(ose)-6(d)-256(a)-255(se)-7(cur)8(e)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 179.298 Tm [(enclav)8(e)-198(ar)8(chite)-7(ctur)8(e)-198(that)-198(is)-198(similar)-198(to)-198(SGX)-198(but)-198(r)8(esilient)-198(to)-198(b)-10(oth)-198(page-)]TJ 0 -10.959 TD [(fault)-205(and)-204(cache)-205(side-channel)-204(attacks.)-205(Chen)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 155.544 0 Td [(et)-205(al.)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 18.722 0 Td ([)Tj 1 0 0 1 227.707 168.339 Tm (15)Tj 0.98 0 0 1 236.046 168.339 Tm [(])-204(pr)8(op)-7(ose)-8(d)-204(D)]TJ /T1_0 7.97 Tf (\311J\300)Tj /T1_0 8.966 Tf 1.02 0 0 1 53.502 157.38 Tm (V)Tj /T1_0 7.97 Tf (U)Tj /T1_0 8.966 Tf [(,)-294(a)-294(compiler-base)-7(d)-294(appr)8(oach)-294(to)-294(instrument)-294(enclav)8(e)-294(pr)7(ograms)]TJ 1.004 0 0 1 53.798 146.421 Tm [(so)-249(that)-248(the)6(y)-248(can)-249(measur)8(e)-249(their)-248(o)6(wn)-248(e)7(xe)-7(cution)-249(time)-249(b)-10(etw)8(e)-7(en)-248(basic)]TJ 0.982 0 0 1 53.798 135.462 Tm [(blo)-7(cks)-254(in)-253(their)-254(contr)8(ol-\036o)7(w)-253(graph.)-254(These)-254(r)9(esear)8(ch)-254(pr)8(ototyp)-7(es)-254(w)9(er)8(e)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 53.798 124.503 Tm [(designe)-7(d)-287(without)-286(fully)-287(understanding)-287(the)-286(memor)-15(y)-287(side-channel)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 53.798 113.544 Tm [(attack)-212(surface)11(,)-212(thus)-212(fall)-211(short)-212(in)-211(o\035ering)-212(e\035e)-7(ctiv)8(e)-211(pr)8(ote)-7(ction)-212(against)]TJ 1 0 0 1 53.798 102.585 Tm [(the)-250(attacks)-250(demonstrate)-7(d)-250(in)-250(this)-250(w)8(ork.)]TJ /T1_3 10.909 Tf 264.157 595.766 Td [(8)-1000(CONCLUSION)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 0.98 0 0 1 317.525 684.653 Tm [(W)82(e)-251(r)8(ep)-7(ort)-251(the)-251(\033rst)-250(in-depth)-251(study)-251(of)-251(SGX)-250(memor)-16(y)-250(side)-251(channels)-251(in)]TJ 0.987 0 0 1 317.955 673.694 Tm [(the)-253(pap)-7(er)59(.)-253(Our)-253(study)-254(summarizes)-253(8)-254(attack)-253(v)8(e)-7(ctors)-253(in)-254(memor)-15(y)-253(man-)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 662.735 Tm [(agement,)-195(ranging)-195(fr)8(om)-195(TLB)-195(to)-195(DRAM.)-196(Further)-195(w)8(e)-195(demonstrate)-195(a)-195(set)]TJ 0.986 0 0 1 317.955 651.776 Tm [(of)-255(no)8(v)8(el)-255(attacks)-254(that)-255(e)7(xploit)-254(these)-255(channels,)-255(by)-254(le)7(v)8(eraging)]TJ /T1_1 8.966 Tf 214.355 0 Td [(accesse)-7(d)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 640.817 Tm [(\036ags,)-235(timing,)-235(Hyp)-7(er)40(Thr)8(eating)-235(and)-234(DRAM)-235(mo)-7(dules.)-235(Compar)8(e)-7(d)-235(with)]TJ T* [(the)-230(page-fault)-231(attack,)-230(the)-231(ne)7(w)-230(attacks)-231(ar)9(e)-231(found)-230(to)-231(b)-10(e)-231(st)1(ealthier)-231(and)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 618.899 Tm [(much)-283(mo)1(r)7(e)-282(lightw)8(eight,)-283(with)-282(e\035e)-7(ctiv)8(eness)-283(comparable)-282(with)-283(the)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 317.955 607.94 Tm [(kno)7(wn)-254(attack)-255(in)-254(some)-254(cases.)-255(Most)-254(imp)-7(ortantly)60(,)-254(our)-255(study)-254(br)8(oadens)]TJ 0.987 0 0 1 317.955 596.981 Tm [(the)-254(scop)-8(e)-254(of)-254(side-channel)-255(studies)-254(on)-255(SGX,)-254(r)8(e)7(v)8(eals)-254(the)-255(gap)-254(b)-10(etw)8(e)-7(en)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 586.022 Tm [(pr)8(op)-7(ose)-7(d)-278(defense)-278(and)-278(the)-278(design)-278(w)8(eaknesses)-278(of)-278(the)-278(system,)-278(and)]TJ T* [(can)-304(pr)8(o)7(v)8(oke)-304(the)-304(further)-304(discussion)-304(on)-303(ho)6(w)-303(to)-304(use)-304(the)-304(ne)7(w)-304(TEE)]TJ 1 0 0 1 317.955 564.105 Tm [(te)-7(chniques)-250(e\035e)-7(ctiv)8(ely)-250(and)-250(se)-7(cur)8(ely)59(.)]TJ /T1_3 10.909 Tf 0 -26.663 TD [(9)-1000(A)34(CKNO)-37(WLEDGEMEN)-37(T)]TJ /T1_0 8.966 Tf 1.003 0 0 1 317.525 523.744 Tm [(W)80(e)-249(ar)8(e)-249(grateful)-249(to)-248(T)48(aeso)-7(o)-248(Kim,)-249(the)-249(shepher)8(d)-249(of)-248(our)-249(pap)-7(er)-249(and)-249(the)]TJ 1.005 0 0 1 317.955 512.785 Tm [(anonymous)-247(r)8(e)7(vie)7(w)8(ers)-248(for)-247(their)-247(helpful)-248(comments.)-247(This)-247(w)7(ork)-247(was)]TJ 1.008 0 0 1 317.955 501.826 Tm [(supp)-7(orte)-7(d)-248(in)-248(part)-248(by)-249(NSF)-248(1408874,)-248(1527141,)-248(1566444)-248(and)-249(1618493,)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 317.955 490.867 Tm [(NIH)-293(1R01HG007078,)-293(ARO)-293(W911NF1610127)-293(and)-293(NSFC)-293(61379139.)]TJ 0.992 0 0 1 317.525 479.908 Tm [(W)81(ork)-251(at)-252(UI)-24(UC)-251(was)-251(supp)-7(orte)-7(d)-251(in)-252(part)-251(by)-251(NSF)-251(CNS)-251(grants)-251(12-23967,)]TJ 1 0 0 1 317.749 468.949 Tm [(13-30491)-250(and)-250(14-08944.)]TJ /T1_3 10.909 Tf 0.206 -26.662 Td (REFERENCES)Tj /T1_0 6.974 Tf 3.243 -10.71 Td ([1])Tj 0.98 0 0 1 334.388 431.577 Tm 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[(V)79(olumes:1,2A,2B,2C,3A,3B,3C)-244(and)-244(3D.)-350(https://softwar)7(e)10(.intel.com/sites/default/)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 334.388 375.786 Tm [(\033les/manage)-7(d/39/c5/325462-)-73(sdm-)-73(v)8(ol-)-73(1-)-73(2ab)-10(cd-)-73(3ab)-10(cd.p)-7(df)-87(.)-236(\(2016\).)-429(Or)8(der)-237(Numb)-10(er:)]TJ 1 0 0 1 334.388 367.816 Tm [(325462-061US,)-250(De)-7(cemb)-10(er)-250(2016.)]TJ -13.19 -7.97 Td ([4])Tj 0.985 0 0 1 334.388 359.846 Tm [(2016.)-368(Intel)-255(64)-255(and)-254(IA-32)-255(Ar)8(chite)-7(ctur)8(es)-254(Softwar)8(e)-255(De)7(v)8(elop)-7(er's)-254(Manual,)-255(Combine)-7(d)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 334.157 351.876 Tm [(V)78(olumes:1,2A,2B,2C,3A,3B,3C)-268(and)-269(3D.)-439(\(2016\).)-609(Or)8(der)-269(Numb)-10(er:)-269(325462-058US)]TJ 1 0 0 1 334.143 343.906 Tm [(April)-250(2016.)]TJ -12.945 -7.971 Td ([5])Tj 0.98 0 0 1 334.388 335.935 Tm [(2017.)-214(Graphene)-172(/)-172(Graphene-SGX)-172(Librar)-15(y)-172(OS)-172(-)-172(a)-172(librar)-15(y)-172(OS)-172(for)-172(Linux)-171(multi-pr)8(o)-7(cess)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 334.388 327.965 Tm [(applications,)-280(with)-281(Intel)-280(SGX)-281(supp)-6(ort.)-482(https://github)20(.com/oscarlab/graphene/.)]TJ 1 0 0 1 334.178 319.995 Tm [(\(2017\).)-470(A)12(ccesse)-7(d)-250(May)-250(16,)-250(2017.)]TJ -12.98 -7.97 Td ([6])Tj 1.02 0 0 1 334.388 312.025 Tm [(2017.)-351(Intel)-244(SGX)-244(and)-244(Side-Channels.)-351(https://softwar)8(e)10(.intel.com/en-)-70(us/articles/)]TJ 1 0 0 1 334.388 304.055 Tm [(intel-)-71(sg)-10(x-)-72(and-)-71(side-)-72(channels.)-250(\(2017\).)-470(A)12(dde)-7(d)-250(Mar)8(ch)-250(26,)-250(2017.)]TJ -13.19 -8.284 Td ([7])Tj 1.02 0 0 1 334.388 295.771 Tm [(2017.)-3549(Intel\302\256)-1123(Softwar)8(e)-1124(Guar)8(d)-1123(Extensions)-1123(Enclav)8(e)-1123(W)39(riter's)]TJ T* 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[(on)-247(instruction)-247(cache)-247(attacks.)-247(In)]TJ /T1_1 6.974 Tf 90.641 0 Td [(12th)-247(international)-247(confer)8(ence)-247(on)-248(Cr)-14(yptographic)]TJ 1 0 0 1 334.388 232.01 Tm [(har)8(dwar)8(e)-250(and)-250(emb)-10(e)-7(dde)-7(d)-250(systems)]TJ /T1_0 6.974 Tf (.)Tj -16.433 -7.97 Td ([10])Tj 0.98 0 0 1 334.388 224.04 Tm [(Ittai)-245(Anati,)-245(Shay)-245(Guer)8(on,)-245(Simon)-245(Johnson,)-245(and)-246(Vincent)-245(Scarlata.)-245(2013.)-349(Inno)7(vativ)9(e)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 334.388 216.07 Tm [(te)-7(chnology)-335(for)-336(CP)-48(U)-336(base)-6(d)-336(attestation)-336(and)-335(sealing.)-336(In)]TJ /T1_1 6.974 Tf 156.203 0 Td [(Pr)8(o)-7(ce)-7(e)-7(dings)-335(of)-336(the)-336(2nd)]TJ -156.203 -7.97 Td [(international)-283(w)8(orkshop)-282(on)-283(har)8(dwar)8(e)-283(and)-282(ar)8(chite)-7(ctural)-283(supp)-7(ort)-282(for)-283(se)-7(curity)-282(and)]TJ 1 0 0 1 334.388 200.13 Tm (privacy)Tj /T1_0 6.974 Tf [(,)-250(V)80(ol.)-250(13.)]TJ -16.433 -7.97 Td ([11])Tj 0.98 0 0 1 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[(Capkun,)-253(and)-254(Ahmad-Reza)-253(Sadeghi.)-253(2017.)-364(Softwar)8(e)-254(Grand)-253(Exp)-7(osur)8(e:)-253(SGX)-254(Cache)]TJ 1 0 0 1 334.143 104.488 Tm [(Attacks)-250(Ar)8(e)-250(Practical.)]TJ /T1_1 6.974 Tf 64.397 0 Td [(arXiv)-250(pr)8(eprint)-250(arXiv:1702.07521)]TJ /T1_0 6.974 Tf 89.321 0 Td (\(2017\).)Tj -169.906 -7.97 Td ([15])Tj 1.02 0 0 1 334.388 96.518 Tm [(Sanchuan)-333(Chen,)-332(Xiaokuan)-333(Zhang,)-333(Michael)-332(Reiter)57(,)-332(and)-333(Yinqian)-333(Zhang.)-332(2017.)]TJ 0 -9.09 TD [(Dete)-7(cting)-257(Privilege)-7(d)-258(Side-Channel)-257(Attacks)-258(in)-257(Shielde)-7(d)-258(Exe)-7(cution)-257(with)-258(D)]TJ /T1_0 7.97 Tf (\311J\300)Tj /T1_0 8.966 Tf 1 0 0 1 301.728 72.727 Tm (13)Tj ET /QITE_maskingtape BMC 1 g 293.8 38.45 26.35 42.95 re f EMC /Artifact <>BDC q 1 0 0 1 54 755.4614258 cm 0 g /GS0 gs /Fm0 Do Q EMC /Artifact <>BDC q 1 0 0 1 355.0029907 755.4614258 cm 0 g /GS0 gs /Fm1 Do Q EMC /Artifact <>BDC q 1 0 0 1 297.7269897 38.5740509 cm 0 g /GS0 gs 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Session K4: Secure Enclaves
CCS’17, October 30-November 3, 2017, Dallas, TX, USA
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1 0 0 1 70.231 650.53 Tm [(Cache)-250(Attacks)-250(on)-250(Intel)-250(SGX..)-250(In)]TJ /T1_1 6.974 Tf 91.712 0 Td (EUROSEC)Tj /T1_0 6.974 Tf [(.)-250(2\0251.)]TJ -108.145 -7.97 Td ([18])Tj 1.02 0 0 1 70.231 642.56 Tm [(Daniel)-287(Gruss,)-287(Raphael)-286(Spr)7(eitzer)58(,)-287(and)-286(Stefan)-287(Mangar)8(d.)-287(2015.)-505(Cache)-287(T)62(emplate)]TJ -0.239 -7.97 Td [(Attacks:)-293(A)33(utomating)-293(Attack)-1(s)-293(on)-293(Inclusiv)8(e)-294(Last-le)7(v)8(el)-293(Caches.)-294(In)]TJ /T1_1 6.974 Tf 183.433 0 Td [(24th)-293(USENIX)]TJ 1 0 0 1 70.231 626.62 Tm [(Se)-7(curity)-250(Symp)-7(osium)]TJ /T1_0 6.974 Tf (.)Tj -16.433 -7.97 Td ([19])Tj 1.012 0 0 1 70.231 618.65 Tm [(D)29(.)-248(Gullasch,)-247(E.)-247(Bangerter)58(,)-247(and)-247(S.)-248(Kr)8(enn.)-247(2011.)-357(Cache)-247(games)-247(\025)-248(Bringing)-247(access-)]TJ 0.981 0 0 1 70.231 610.68 Tm [(base)-7(d)-255(cache)-254(attacks)-255(on)-254(AES)-255(to)-254(practice)10(.)-255(In)]TJ /T1_1 6.974 Tf 121.346 0 Td [(32nd)-254(IEEE)-255(Symp)-7(osium)-255(on)-254(Se)-7(curity)-255(and)]TJ 1 0 0 1 70.231 602.71 Tm (Privacy)Tj /T1_0 6.974 Tf (.)Tj -16.433 -7.97 Td ([20])Tj 0.99 0 0 1 70.231 594.74 Tm [(Mar)8(cus)-253(H\344hnel,)-253(W)81(eidong)-253(Cui,)-253(and)-253(Mar)8(cus)-253(Peinado)10(.)-253(2017.)-365(High-Resolution)-253(Side)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 70.231 586.77 Tm [(Channels)-246(for)-246(Untruste)-7(d)-246(Op)-7(erating)-246(Systems.)-246(In)]TJ /T1_1 6.974 Tf 133.211 0 Td [(2017)-246(USENIX)-246(A)49(nnual)-247(T)62(e)-7(chnical)]TJ 1 0 0 1 70.231 578.799 Tm [(Confer)8(ence)-250(\(USENIX)-250(A)63(T)5(C)-250(17\))]TJ /T1_0 6.974 Tf [(.)-250(USENIX)-250(A)12(sso)-7(ciation,)-250(Santa)-250(Clara,)-250(CA,)-250(299\025312.)]TJ -16.433 -7.97 Td ([21])Tj 1.02 0 0 1 70.231 570.829 Tm [(Ralf)-272(Hund,)-273(Carsten)-272(Willems,)-272(and)-273(Thorsten)-272(Holz.)-272(2013.)-453(Practical)-272(Timing)-272(Side)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 70.231 562.859 Tm [(Channel)-208(Attacks)-209(A)12(gainst)-208(K)20(ernel)-208(Space)-209(ASLR.)-208(In)]TJ /T1_1 6.974 Tf 136.313 0 Td [(34th)-208(IEEE)-209(Symp)-7(osium)-208(on)-209(Se)-7(curity)]TJ 1 0 0 1 70.231 554.889 Tm [(and)-250(Privacy)]TJ /T1_0 6.974 Tf (.)Tj -16.433 -7.97 Td ([22])Tj 0.994 0 0 1 70.231 546.919 Tm [(Mehmet)-253(Sinan)-253(Inci,)-253(Berk)-253(Gulmezoglu,)-253(Gorka)-252(Irazo)-7(qui,)-253(Thomas)-253(Eisenbarth,)-253(and)]TJ 0.984 0 0 1 70.231 538.949 Tm [(Berk)-254(Sunar)60(.)-255(2015.)-367(Seriously)60(,)-254(get)-255(o\035)-254(my)-254(cloud!)-255(Cr)8(oss-VM)-254(RSA)-255(K)21(e)7(y)-254(Re)-8(co)8(v)8(er)-16(y)-254(in)-254(a)]TJ 1 0 0 1 70.231 530.979 Tm [(Public)-250(Cloud.)-360(Cr)-15(yptology)-250(ePrint)-250(Ar)8(chiv)8(e)10(.)-250(\(2015\).)]TJ -16.433 -7.97 Td ([23])Tj 0.98 0 0 1 70.231 523.009 Tm [(Gorka)-246(Irazo)-7(qui,)-245(Thomas)-246(Eisenbarth,)-246(and)-245(Berk)-246(Sunar)60(.)-246(2015.)-350(S$A:)-245(A)-246(Shar)8(e)-7(d)-245(Cache)]TJ -0.249 -7.97 Td [(Attack)-233(that)-233(W)81(orks)-233(A)12(cr)8(oss)-233(Cor)8(es)-233(and)-233(De\033es)-233(VM)-234(Sandb)-10(o)7(xing\026and)-233(its)-233(Application)]TJ 1 0 0 1 70.231 507.068 Tm [(to)-250(AES.)-250(In)]TJ /T1_1 6.974 Tf 30.447 0 Td [(IEEE)-250(Symp)-7(osium)-250(on)-250(Se)-7(curity)-250(and)-250(Privacy)]TJ /T1_0 6.974 Tf (.)Tj -46.88 -7.97 Td ([24])Tj 1.011 0 0 1 70.231 499.098 Tm [(Gorka)-247(Irazo)-7(qui,)-247(Thomas)-247(Eisenbarth,)-247(and)-247(Berk)-247(Sunar)58(.)-247(2015.)-356(Systematic)-247(r)8(e)7(v)8(erse)]TJ 0.987 0 0 1 70.231 491.128 Tm [(engine)-7(ering)-255(of)-254(cache)-254(slice)-255(sele)-7(ction)-254(in)-255(Intel)-254(pr)8(o)-7(cessors.)-255(In)]TJ /T1_1 6.974 Tf 165.693 0 Td [(Digital)-254(System)-255(Design)]TJ 1 0 0 1 69.805 483.158 Tm [(\(DSD)10(\),)-250(2015)-250(Eur)8(omicr)8(o)-250(Confer)8(ence)-250(on)]TJ /T1_0 6.974 Tf [(.)-250(IEEE,)-250(629\025636.)]TJ -16.007 -7.97 Td ([25])Tj 0.993 0 0 1 70.231 475.188 Tm [(Gorka)-252(Irazo)-7(qui,)-253(Mehmet)-252(Sinan)-253(Inci,)-252(Thomas)-252(Eisenbarth,)-253(,)-252(and)-252(Berk)-253(Sunar)60(.)-253(2014.)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 69.896 467.218 Tm [(W)61(ait)-244(a)-245(minute!)-245(A)-244(fast,)-245(Cr)8(oss-)50(VM)-244(attack)-245(on)-245(AES.)-244(In)]TJ /T1_1 6.974 Tf 145.133 0 Td [(17th)-245(International)-244(Symp)-7(osium)]TJ 1 0 0 1 70.231 459.248 Tm [(Resear)8(ch)-250(in)-250(Attacks,)-250(Intrusions)-250(and)-250(Defenses)]TJ /T1_0 6.974 Tf (.)Tj -16.433 -7.97 Td ([26])Tj 1.02 0 0 1 70.231 451.278 Tm [(Mehmet)-290(K)15(ayaalp)10(,)-290(Nael)-290(Abu-Ghazaleh,)-290(Dmitr)-15(y)-290(Ponomar)8(e)7(v)58(,)-290(and)-290(A)12(amer)-290(Jale)-7(el.)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 70.231 443.308 Tm [(2016.)-302(A)-220(High-r)8(esolution)-220(Side-channel)-219(Attack)-220(on)-220(Last-le)7(v)8(el)-219(Cac)-1(he)11(.)-220(In)]TJ /T1_1 6.974 Tf 194.415 0 Td [(53r)8(d)-220(A)51(nnual)]TJ 1 0 0 1 70.231 435.337 Tm [(Design)-250(A)34(utomation)-250(Confer)8(ence)]TJ /T1_0 6.974 Tf (.)Tj -16.433 -7.97 Td ([27])Tj 0.999 0 0 1 70.231 427.367 Tm [(Butler)-251(W)88(.)-251(Lampson.)-251(1973.)-363(A)-251(note)-251(on)-251(the)-251(con\033nement)-251(pr)8(oblem.)]TJ /T1_1 6.974 Tf 180.863 0 Td [(Commun.)-251(A)34(CM)]TJ /T1_0 6.974 Tf 1 0 0 1 70.07 419.397 Tm [(16,)-250(10)-250(\(Oct.)-250(1973\).)]TJ -16.272 -7.97 Td ([28])Tj 0.98 0 0 1 70.231 411.427 Tm [(Sangho)-196(Le)-7(e)10(,)-195(Ming-)50(W)81(ei)-195(Shih,)-196(Prasun)-196(Gera,)-196(T)50(aeso)-7(o)-196(Kim,)-195(Hy)8(eso)-7(on)-196(Kim,)-196(and)-196(Mar)9(cus)]TJ 1.016 0 0 1 70.231 403.457 Tm [(Peinado)10(.)-246(2017.)-353(Inferring)-246(Fine-graine)-7(d)-245(Contr)8(ol)-246(F)-12(lo)7(w)-245(Inside)-246(SGX)-245(Enclav)7(es)-245(with)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 70.231 395.487 Tm [(Branch)-247(Shado)7(wing.)-248(In)]TJ /T1_1 6.974 Tf 64.639 0 Td [(26th)-247(USENIX)-248(Se)-6(curity)-248(Symp)-7(osium)-247(\(USENIX)-247(Se)-7(curity)-247(17\))]TJ /T1_0 6.974 Tf (.)Tj 1 0 0 1 70.231 387.517 Tm [(USENIX)-250(A)12(sso)-7(ciation,)-250(V)60(ancouv)8(er)59(,)-250(BC.)]TJ -16.433 -7.97 Td ([29])Tj 1.013 0 0 1 70.231 379.547 Tm [(Moritz)-248(Lipp)10(,)-248(Daniel)-249(Gruss,)-248(Raphael)-248(Spr)8(eitzer)58(,)-248(Cl\351mentine)-248(Maurice)10(,)-248(and)-249(Stefan)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 70.231 371.577 Tm [(Mangar)8(d.)-283(2016.)-492(ARMage)-7(ddon:)-283(Cache)-284(Attacks)-283(on)-283(Mobile)-284(De)7(vices.)-283(In)]TJ /T1_1 6.974 Tf 197.193 0 Td (USENIX)Tj 1 0 0 1 70.231 363.606 Tm [(Se)-7(curity)-250(Symp)-7(osium)]TJ /T1_0 6.974 Tf (.)Tj -16.433 -7.97 Td ([30])Tj 1.001 0 0 1 70.231 355.636 Tm [(Fangfei)-249(Liu,)-249(Y)39(uval)-249(Y)60(ar)8(om,)-250(Qian)-249(Ge)10(,)-249(Gernot)-249(Heiser)59(,)-249(and)-249(Ruby)-249(B.)-250(Le)-7(e)10(.)-249(2015.)-358(Last-)]TJ 0.993 0 0 1 70.231 347.666 Tm [(Le)7(v)8(el)-252(Cache)-253(Side-Channel)-252(Attacks)-252(ar)8(e)-253(Practical.)-252(In)]TJ /T1_1 6.974 Tf 145.812 0 Td [(IEEE)-252(Symp)-7(osium)-253(on)-252(Se)-7(curity)]TJ 1 0 0 1 70.231 339.696 Tm [(and)-250(Privacy)]TJ /T1_0 6.974 Tf (.)Tj -16.433 -7.97 Td ([31])Tj 1.02 0 0 1 70.231 331.726 Tm [(Ahmad)-248(Moghimi,)-248(Gorka)-248(Irazo)-7(qui,)-248(and)-248(Thomas)-248(Eisenbarth.)-248(2017.)-364(Cachezo)-7(om:)]TJ 0.994 0 0 1 70.231 323.756 Tm [(Ho)7(w)-252(SGX)-253(ampli\033es)-252(the)-253(p)-7(o)7(w)8(er)-252(of)-252(cache)-253(attacks.)]TJ /T1_1 6.974 Tf 137.554 0 Td [(arXiv)-252(pr)8(eprint)-253(arXiv:1703.06986)]TJ /T1_0 6.974 Tf 1 0 0 1 70.021 315.786 Tm (\(2017\).)Tj -16.223 -7.97 Td ([32])Tj 1.02 0 0 1 70.231 307.816 Tm [(Michael)-248(Ne)7(v)8(e)-248(and)-247(Jean-Pierr)7(e)-247(Seifert.)-248(2007.)-363(A)12(dvances)-248(on)-247(access-driv)8(en)-248(cache)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 70.231 299.846 Tm [(attacks)-218(on)-217(AES.)-218(In)]TJ /T1_1 6.974 Tf 52.924 0 Td [(13th)-218(international)-218(confer)9(ence)-218(on)-218(sele)-7(cte)-7(d)-218(ar)8(eas)-218(in)-217(cr)-16(yptography)]TJ /T1_0 6.974 Tf (.)Tj 1 0 0 1 317.955 698.351 Tm ([33])Tj 1.02 0 0 1 334.388 698.351 Tm [(Y)70(ossef)-399(Or)8(en,)-399(V)59(asileios)-399(P)24(.)-399(K)19(emerlis,)-398(Sim)-1(ha)-398(Sethumadhavan,)-399(and)-399(Angelos)-399(D)29(.)]TJ 0.99 0 0 1 334.388 690.381 Tm [(K)20(er)8(omytis.)-251(2015.)-362(The)-252(Sp)7(y)-252(in)-251(the)-252(Sandb)-10(o)7(x:)-252(Practical)-252(Cache)-251(Attacks)-252(in)-252(JavaScript)]TJ 0.988 0 0 1 334.388 682.411 Tm [(and)-253(Their)-254(Implications.)-253(In)]TJ /T1_1 6.974 Tf 75.674 0 Td [(22nd)-253(A)34(CM)-253(SIGSA)34(C)-253(Confer)8(ence)-253(on)-254(Computer)-253(and)-253(Com-)]TJ 1 0 0 1 334.388 674.441 Tm [(munications)-250(Se)-7(curity)]TJ /T1_0 6.974 Tf (.)Tj -16.433 -7.97 Td ([34])Tj 1.012 0 0 1 334.388 666.471 Tm [(Dag)-247(Arne)-247(Osvik,)-246(A)12(di)-247(Shamir)58(,)-247(and)-247(Eran)-246(T)19(r)8(omer)59(.)-247(2006.)-355(Ca)-1(che)-246(attacks)-247(and)-247(coun-)]TJ 0.99 0 0 1 334.388 658.501 Tm [(termeasur)8(es:)-253(the)-253(case)-254(of)-253(AES.)-253(In)]TJ /T1_1 6.974 Tf 93.025 0 Td [(6th)-253(Cr)-15(yptographers')-254(track)-253(at)-253(the)-253(RSA)-254(confer)9(ence)]TJ 1 0 0 1 334.388 650.53 Tm [(on)-250(T)63(opics)-250(in)-250(Cr)-15(yptology)]TJ /T1_0 6.974 Tf (.)Tj -16.433 -7.97 Td [([35])-714(Colin)-250(Per)8(cival.)-250(2005.)-360(Cache)-250(Missing)-250(for)-250(Fun)-250(and)-250(Pr)8(o\033t.)-250(In)]TJ /T1_1 6.974 Tf 181.838 0 Td [(BSDCon)-250(2005)]TJ /T1_0 6.974 Tf (.)Tj -181.838 -7.97 Td ([36])Tj 1.02 0 0 1 334.388 634.59 Tm [(Peter)-286(Pessl,)-286(Daniel)-286(Gruss,)-286(Clementine)-287(Maurice)10(,)-286(Michael)-286(Schwarz,)-286(and)-286(Stefan)]TJ 0.986 0 0 1 334.388 626.62 Tm [(Mangar)8(d.)-253(2016.)-364(DRAMA:)-253(Explo)-1(iting)-253(DRAM)-253(addr)8(essing)-253(for)-253(cr)8(oss-cpu)-253(attacks.)-253(In)]TJ /T1_1 6.974 Tf 1 0 0 1 334.388 618.65 Tm [(Pr)8(o)-7(ce)-7(e)-7(dings)-250(of)-250(the)-250(25th)-250(USENIX)-250(Se)-7(curity)-250(Symp)-7(osium)]TJ /T1_0 6.974 Tf (.)Tj -16.433 -7.97 Td ([37])Tj 1.02 0 0 1 334.388 610.68 Tm [(Jaebaek)-406(Se)-7(o)10(,)-407(By)8(oungy)8(oung)-406(Le)-7(e)10(,)-407(Sungmin)-406(Kim,)-407(Ming-)49(W)78(ei)-406(Shih,)-407(Insik)-406(Shin,)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 334.388 602.71 Tm [(Dongsu)-221(Han,)-221(and)-220(T)50(aeso)-7(o)-221(Kim.)-221(2017.)-304(SGX)24(-Shield:)-221(Enabling)-220(A)12(ddr)8(ess)-221(Space)-221(Lay)9(out)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 334.388 594.74 Tm [(Randomization)-264(for)-265(SGX)-264(P)-1(r)8(ograms.)-264(In)]TJ /T1_1 6.974 Tf 108.001 0 Td [(Pr)8(o)-7(ce)-7(e)-7(dings)-264(of)-265(the)-264(2017)-265(A)49(nnual)-264(Netw)7(ork)]TJ 1 0 0 1 334.388 586.77 Tm [(and)-250(Distribute)-7(d)-250(System)-250(Se)-7(curity)-250(Symp)-7(osium)-250(\(NDSS\))]TJ /T1_0 6.974 Tf [(.)-250(San)-250(Diego)10(,)-250(CA.)]TJ -16.433 -7.971 Td ([38])Tj 1.02 0 0 1 334.388 578.799 Tm [(Ming-)48(W)79(ei)-284(Shih,)-283(Sangho)-283(Le)-7(e)10(,)-283(T)48(aeso)-7(o)-283(Kim,)-283(and)-283(Mar)8(cus)-283(Peinado)10(.)-284(2017.)-491(T)58(-SGX:)]TJ 0.996 0 0 1 334.388 570.829 Tm [(Eradicating)-249(Contr)8(olle)-7(d-Channel)-249(Attacks)-250(A)12(gainst)-249(Enclav)8(e)-249(Pr)8(ograms.)-249(In)]TJ /T1_1 6.974 Tf 202.197 0 Td [(Pr)8(o)-7(ce)-7(e)-7(d-)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 334.388 562.859 Tm [(ings)-324(of)-324(the)-324(2017)-325(A)49(nnual)-324(Netw)8(ork)-324(and)-324(Distribute)-7(d)-324(System)-324(Se)-7(curity)-324(Symp)-7(osium)]TJ 1 0 0 1 333.962 554.889 Tm (\(NDSS\))Tj /T1_0 6.974 Tf [(.)-250(San)-250(Diego)10(,)-250(CA.)]TJ -16.007 -7.97 Td ([39])Tj 1.02 0 0 1 334.388 546.919 Tm [(Shw)8(eta)-249(Shinde)10(,)-248(Zheng)-249(Le)-6(ong)-249(Chua,)-248(Visw)7(esh)-248(Narayanan,)-248(and)-249(Prate)-7(ek)-248(Saxena.)]TJ 0.98 0 0 1 334.388 538.949 Tm [(2016.)-350(Pr)8(e)8(v)8(enting)-246(Page)-245(Faults)-246(fr)8(om)-245(T)64(elling)-246(Y)73(our)-246(Se)-7(cr)8(ets.)-245(In)]TJ /T1_1 6.974 Tf 166.499 0 Td [(11th)-246(A)35(CM)-245(Symp)-8(osium)]TJ 1 0 0 1 334.388 530.979 Tm [(on)-250(Information,)-250(Computer)-250(and)-250(Communications)-250(Se)-7(curity)]TJ /T1_0 6.974 Tf (.)Tj -16.433 -7.97 Td ([40])Tj 0.98 0 0 1 334.388 523.009 Tm [(Eran)-251(T)21(r)8(omer)60(,)-251(Dag)-250(Arne)-251(Osvik,)-251(and)-251(A)13(di)-251(Shamir)60(.)-251(2010.)-359(E\034cient)-251(Cache)-251(Attacks)-250(on)]TJ 1 0 0 1 334.143 515.039 Tm [(AES,)-250(and)-250(Countermeasur)8(es.)]TJ /T1_1 6.974 Tf 81.706 0 Td [(Journal)-250(of)-250(Cr)-15(yptology)]TJ /T1_0 6.974 Tf 62.712 0 Td [(23,)-250(2)-250(\(Jan.)-250(2010\),)-250(37\02571.)]TJ -160.606 -7.971 Td ([41])Tj 1.02 0 0 1 334.388 507.068 Tm [(Chia-Che)-368(T)48(sai,)-368(Kumar)-368(Saurabh)-367(Ar)7(ora,)-368(Nehal)-367(Bandi,)-368(Bhushan)-368(Jain,)-368(William)]TJ 1.009 0 0 1 334.276 499.098 Tm [(Jannen,)-249(Jitin)-248(John,)-249(Harr)-15(y)-248(A)-249(K)15(alo)-7(dner)58(,)-248(V)39(rushali)-248(Kulkarni,)-249(Daniela)-248(Oliv)7(eira,)-248(and)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 334.388 492.739 Tm [(Donald)-258(E)-258(Porter)58(.)-258(2014.)-399(Co)-7(op)-7(eration)-258(and)-258(se)-7(curity)-258(isolation)-257(of)-258(librar)-15(y)-258(OSes)-258(for)]TJ 1.011 0 0 1 334.388 484.769 Tm [(multi-pr)8(o)-7(cess)-248(applications.)-248(In)]TJ /T1_1 6.974 Tf 85.776 0 Td [(Pr)8(o)-7(ce)-7(e)-7(dings)-248(of)-248(the)-248(Ninth)-248(Eur)8(op)-7(ean)-247(Confer)7(ence)-247(on)]TJ 1 0 0 1 334.388 476.799 Tm [(Computer)-250(Systems)]TJ /T1_0 6.974 Tf [(.)-250(A)34(CM,)-250(9.)]TJ -16.433 -7.97 Td ([42])Tj 0.98 0 0 1 334.388 468.829 Tm [(Y)40(uan)-207(Xiao)10(,)-206(Xiaokuan)-207(Zhang,)-207(Yinqian)-206(Zhang,)-207(and)-207(Radu)-206(T)64(e)-7(o)-7(dor)8(escu.)-207(2016.)-278(One)-206(Bit)]TJ T* [(F)-12(lips,)-207(One)-207(Cloud)-206(F)-13(lops:)-207(Cr)9(oss-)50(VM)-207(Ro)7(w)-207(Hammer)-206(Attacks)-207(and)-207(Privilege)-207(Escalation.)]TJ 1 0 0 1 334.388 452.889 Tm (In)Tj /T1_1 6.974 Tf 7.594 0 Td [(USENIX)-250(Se)-7(curity)-250(Symp)-7(osium)]TJ /T1_0 6.974 Tf (.)Tj -24.027 -7.97 Td ([43])Tj 1.016 0 0 1 334.388 444.919 Tm [(Y)38(uanzhong)-246(Xu,)-247(W)79(eidong)-246(Cui,)-247(and)-247(Mar)8(cus)-246(Peinado)10(.)-247(2015.)-356(Contr)8(olle)-7(d-Channel)]TJ 0.997 0 0 1 334.143 436.948 Tm [(Attacks:)-252(Deterministic)-251(Side)-252(Channels)-252(for)-251(U)-1(ntruste)-7(d)-251(Op)-7(erating)-252(Systems.)-252(In)]TJ /T1_1 6.974 Tf 212.779 0 Td (36th)Tj 1 0 0 1 334.388 428.978 Tm [(IEEE)-250(Symp)-7(osium)-250(on)-250(Se)-7(curity)-250(and)-250(Privacy)]TJ /T1_0 6.974 Tf (.)Tj -16.433 -7.97 Td ([44])Tj 1.02 0 0 1 334.388 421.008 Tm [(Y)38(uval)-285(Y)58(ar)8(om)-286(and)-285(Naomi)-286(Benger)58(.)-286(2014.)-501(Re)-7(co)7(v)8(ering)-286(Op)-7(enSSL)-285(ECDSA)-286(Nonces)]TJ T* [(Using)-284(the)-283(FLUSH+RELO)28(AD)-284(Cache)-283(Side-channel)-284(Attack.)-284(In)]TJ /T1_1 6.974 Tf 170.131 0 Td [(Cr)-15(yptology)-283(ePrint)]TJ 1 0 0 1 334.388 405.068 Tm [(A)50(r)8(chiv)8(e)]TJ /T1_0 6.974 Tf (.)Tj -16.433 -7.97 Td ([45])Tj 1.012 0 0 1 334.388 397.098 Tm [(Y)39(uval)-246(Y)59(ar)8(om)-245(and)-245(K)14(atrina)-245(Falkner)58(.)-245(2014.)-353(FLUSH+RELO)29(AD:)-246(A)-245(High)-246(Resolution,)]TJ 1 0 0 1 334.388 389.128 Tm [(Lo)7(w)-250(Noise)10(,)-250(L3)-250(Cache)-250(Side-channel)-250(Attack.)-250(In)]TJ /T1_1 6.974 Tf 129.713 0 Td [(USENIX)-250(Se)-7(curity)-250(Symp)-7(osium)]TJ /T1_0 6.974 Tf (.)Tj -146.146 -7.97 Td ([46])Tj 1.001 0 0 1 334.388 381.158 Tm [(Xiaokuan)-250(Zhang,)-250(Y)39(uan)-250(Xiao)10(,)-250(and)-249(Yinqian)-250(Zhang.)-250(2016.)-360(Return-Oriente)-7(d)-250(F)-12(lush-)]TJ 1.01 0 0 1 334.388 373.188 Tm [(Reload)-247(Side)-248(Channels)-247(on)-248(ARM)-248(and)-247(Their)-248(Implications)-247(for)-248(Andr)8(oid)-247(De)7(vices.)-248(In)]TJ /T1_1 6.974 Tf 1 0 0 1 334.388 365.217 Tm [(A)34(CM)-250(Confer)8(ence)-250(on)-250(Computer)-250(and)-250(Communications)-250(Se)-7(curity)]TJ /T1_0 6.974 Tf (.)Tj -16.433 -7.97 Td ([47])Tj 0.98 0 0 1 334.388 357.247 Tm [(Yinqian)-241(Zhang,)-242(Ari)-241(Juels,)-242(Michael)-241(K.)-241(Reiter)60(,)-242(and)-241(Thomas)-241(Ristenpart.)-242(2012.)-342(Cr)8(oss-)]TJ 0.985 0 0 1 334.157 349.277 Tm [(VM)-255(Side)-255(Channels)-255(and)-254(Their)-255(Use)-255(to)-255(Extract)-255(Private)-255(K)21(e)7(ys.)-255(In)]TJ /T1_1 6.974 Tf 172.495 0 Td [(A)34(CM)-254(Confer)8(ence)-255(on)]TJ 1 0 0 1 334.388 341.307 Tm [(Computer)-250(and)-250(Communications)-250(Se)-7(curity)]TJ /T1_0 6.974 Tf (.)Tj -16.433 -7.97 Td ([48])Tj 0.98 0 0 1 334.388 333.337 Tm [(Yinqian)-241(Zhang,)-242(Ari)-241(Juels,)-242(Michael)-241(K.)-241(Reiter)60(,)-242(and)-241(Thomas)-241(Ristenpart.)-242(2014.)-342(Cr)8(oss-)]TJ 1.02 0 0 1 333.837 325.367 Tm [(T)62(enant)-262(Side-Channel)-261(attacks)-262(in)-261(PaaS)-262(clouds.)-261(In)]TJ /T1_1 6.974 Tf 135.734 0 Td [(A)33(CM)-261(Confer)8(ence)-262(on)-261(Computer)]TJ 1 0 0 1 334.388 317.397 Tm [(and)-250(Communications)-250(Se)-7(curity)]TJ /T1_0 6.974 Tf (.)Tj /T1_0 8.966 Tf 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Session K4: Secure Enclaves
CCS’17, October 30-November 3, 2017, Dallas, TX, USA
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